In this book Edward McDonald takes a fresh look at issues of language in Chinese studies. He takes the viewpoint of the university student of Chinese with the ultimate goal of becoming 'sinophone': that is, developing a fluency and facility at operating in Chinese-language contexts comparable to their own mother tongue. While the entry point for most potential sinophones is the Chinese language classroom, the kinds of "language" and "culture" on offer there are rarely questioned, and the links between the forms of the language and the situations in which they may be used are rarely drawn. The author's explorations of Chinese studies illustrate the crucial link between becoming sinophone and developing a sinophone identity - learning Chinese and turning Chinese. Including chapters on: relating text to context in learning Chinese the social and political contexts of language learning myths about Chinese characters language reform and nationalism in modern China critical discourse analysis of popular culture ethnicity and identity in language learning. This book will be invaluable for all Chinese language students and teachers, and those with an interest in Chinese linguistics, linguistic anthropology, critical discourse analysis, and language education. Edward McDonald is currently Lecturer in Chinese at the University of Auckland, and has taught Chinese language, music, linguistics and semiotics at universities in Australia, China, and Singapore.

In this book Edward McDonald takes a fresh look at issues of language in Chinese studies. He takes the viewpoint of the university student of Chinese with the ultimate goal of becoming 'sinophone': that is, developing a fluency and facility at operating in Chinese-language contexts comparable to their own mother tongue. While the entry point for most potential sinophones is the Chinese language classroom, the kinds of "language" and "culture" on offer there are rarely questioned, and the links between the forms of the language and the situations in which they may be used are rarely drawn. The author's explorations of Chinese studies illustrate the crucial link between becoming sinophone and developing a sinophone identity - learning Chinese and turning Chinese. Including chapters on: relating text to context in learning Chinese the social and political contexts of language learning myths about Chinese characters language reform and nationalism in modern China critical discourse analysis of popular culture ethnicity and identity in language learning. This book will be invaluable for all Chinese language students and teachers, and those with an interest in Chinese linguistics, linguistic anthropology, critical discourse analysis, and language education. Edward McDonald is currently Lecturer in Chinese at the University of Auckland, and has taught Chinese language, music, linguistics and semiotics at universities in Australia, China, and Singapore.

This volume introduces noncommutative integration theory on semifinite von Neumann algebras and the theory of singular traces for symmetric operator spaces. Deeper aspects of the association between measurability, poles and residues of spectral zeta functions, and asymptotics of heat traces are studied. Applications in Connes' noncommutative geometry that are detailed include integration of quantum differentials, measures on fractals, and Connes' character formula concerning the Hochschild class of the Chern character.

This book compares the historical development of ideas about language in two major traditions of linguistic scholarship from either end of Eurasia - the Graeco-Roman and the Sinitic - as well as their interaction in the modern era. It locates the emergence of language analysis in the development of writing systems, and examines the cultural and political functions fulfilled by traditional language scholarship. Moving into the modern period and focusing specifically on the study of "grammar" in the sense of morph syntax/ lexico grammar, it traces the transformation of "traditional" Latin grammar from the viewpoint of its adaptation to Chinese, and discusses the development of key concepts used to characterize and analyze grammatical patterns.

This volume brings together contributions to a key area of interest within the framework of systemic functional linguistics: the role of meaning in the lexicogrammar. A key figure in the debate on this role is Robin Fawcett who has long argued for a fully semantic lexicogrammar where the relevant systems are seen as representing `choices between meanings'. This volume, a festschrift in honour of Fawcett's long-standing contribution to the field, raises important questions related to lexicogrammatical meaning within systemic functional linguistics by examining the meaning-form interface, lexicogrammatical meaning in theme and transitivity, as well as lexis, intonation and its role in computational models. Importantly, discussions in the volume also explore the relationship between alternative approaches to systemic functional lexicogrammar, notably between the Hallidayan model and the Cardiff Grammar model developed primarily by Robin Fawcett.

This volume brings together contributions to a key area of interest within the framework of systemic functional linguistics: the role of meaning in the lexicogrammar. A key figure in the debate on this role is Robin Fawcett who has long argued for a fully semantic lexicogrammar where the relevant systems are seen as representing `choices between meanings'. This volume, a festschrift in honour of Fawcett's long-standing contribution to the field, raises important questions related to lexicogrammatical meaning within systemic functional linguistics by examining the meaning-form interface, lexicogrammatical meaning in theme and transitivity, as well as lexis, intonation and its role in computational models. Importantly, discussions in the volume also explore the relationship between alternative approaches to systemic functional lexicogrammar, notably between the Hallidayan model and the Cardiff Grammar model developed primarily by Robin Fawcett.

This book takes apart and problematises the whole process of identifying and explaining the patterning of words in sentences. It brings together two concepts - syntax and text - that are normally treated separately, and shows how they can best be understood in relation to each other. Part 1, Processing the text, concentrates on getting texts ready for syntactic analysis. Since the data needs to be mediated through the processing of the text, the nature of that processing and its effects on subsequent analysis need to be made explicit. Part 2, Analysing the clause, introduces the relevant syntactic phenomena and the sorts of concepts normally used to explain them. It shows how many of the assumptions of traditional syntactic analysis derive from the languages which form the basis of the European tradition, and that different languages require the so-called "basic categories" of syntactic analysis to be rethought. Part 3, Theorising syntax, sketches the range of syntactic theories available for the "consumer." It gives a sense of developments in the field over the last 50 years not just in terms of the usual "schools," but by picking up on concepts such as the key complementarity between syntagmatic and paradigmatic to characterise the emphases and biases of different theories.

This book takes apart and problematises the whole process of identifying and explaining the patterning of words in sentences. It brings together two concepts - syntax and text - that are normally treated separately, and shows how they can best be understood in relation to each other. Part 1, Processing the text, concentrates on getting texts ready for syntactic analysis. Since the data needs to be mediated through the processing of the text, the nature of that processing and its effects on subsequent analysis need to be made explicit. Part 2, Analysing the clause, introduces the relevant syntactic phenomena and the sorts of concepts normally used to explain them. It shows how many of the assumptions of traditional syntactic analysis derive from the languages which form the basis of the European tradition, and that different languages require the so-called "basic categories" of syntactic analysis to be rethought. Part 3, Theorising syntax, sketches the range of syntactic theories available for the "consumer." It gives a sense of developments in the field over the last 50 years not just in terms of the usual "schools," but by picking up on concepts such as the key complementarity between syntagmatic and paradigmatic to characterise the emphases and biases of different theories.

This work is amongst the finest Summary of Catholic Apologetics ever to be put in between two covers. With over 220 questions, what distinguishes it most from its companions is its striking reliance on the Scriptures primarily to derive facts and principles, using the literal and spiritual interpretation of the Scriptures, to defend Catholic Doctrines against the combatants of Our Faith. Starting with debates on the Scriptures and the Catholic Church, it gallantly extends to touchy topics such as the Authority of the Catholic Church, Apostolic Succession, Papal Primacy, Papal Infallibility and the Power of Excommunication Without fearing or sparing neither anyone nor anything, it magnificently proceeded to defend the Seven Bastions of the Church - the Seven Sacraments in the sense the Church has understood them for well over 2000 years in contrary to the manner the modern church wants them to be understood today As you should have expected, not the Defense of Marian Doctrines was left out as well as some Practices and Devotions of the Catholic Church received from Apostolic Succession, such as Lent, Sign of the Cross, Abstinence from meat, Use of Holy water, Holy Images and others To wrap up the work, some errors of Protestantism as well as Martin Luther, the father of Protestants were exposed Word for word, the key doctrine of Protestantism, salvation by faith alone, was crushed and annihilated using nothing but facts and principles derived from the Scriptures In one word - this is a work for all Christians of goodwill who want to stand at the Right Hand of the Judge on the Inevitable Terrible Day of Final Judgement If you do not wish to be saved, we strongly recommend that you do not read nor hear this work Chances are 100% that you will either experience greater sorrow unto Salvation if you are humble or greater hatred of Truth unto damnation if you are arrogant If after reading or hearing this work, you choose to remain an enemy to GOD and to His One and Only Church He Instituted on St. Peter - The True Catholic Church, it is not me that has designated your rewards for this rebellion but CHRIST The Son of GOD - "And that servant who knew the Will of his Lord and prepared not himself, and did not according to His Will, shall be beaten with many stripes " - St. Luke 12:47.

The fundamental goal of multi-agent robotics is simple: how to create control laws and behaviors that, when executed by each individual robot, some desirable global behavior emerges. The global behavior may range from something as simple as the robots meeting at a single point, to something as complex as a collective search and rescue mission. Our research focuses on one of the more fundamental issues in multi-agent, mobile robotics: the formation control problem. The idea is to create controllers that cause robots to move into a predened formation shape. This is a well studied problem for the scenario in which the robots know in advance to which point in the formation they are assigned. In our case, we assume this information is not given in advance, but must be determined dynamically. This thesis presents an algorithm that can be used by a network of mobile robots to simultaneously determine ecient robot assignments and formation pose for rotationally and translationally invariant formations. This allows simultaneous role assignment and formation sysnthesis without the need for additional control laws.

Tourism has been a central part of Prince Edward Island's identity for more than a century. What began as a seasonal sideline in the nineteenth century evolved into an economic powerhouse that now attracts over 1.5 million visitors each year, employs one in ten Islanders, and is the province's second leading industry. Spanning from the Victorian era to the COVID-19 pandemic, The Summer Trade presents the first comprehensive history of tourism in any Canadian province. Over time the Island has marketed a remarkably durable set of tourism tropes - seaside refuge from urban industrial angst, return to innocence, literary shrine to L.M. Montgomery, cradle of Confederation, garden of the Gulf. As private enterprise and the state sought to manage the industry, the Island's own identity became caught up in the wish fulfillment of its summer visitors. The result has been a complicated, sometimes conflicted relationship between Islanders and tourism, between a warm welcome to visitors and resistance to the industry's adverse effects on local culture. Lavishly illustrated with postcards, tourist guides, and memorabilia, The Summer Trade also presents a history of Prince Edward Island in cameo that tracks cultural, economic, political, and environmental developments and tensions. Across the strait, the Island beckons.