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A sextet of sceptic texts has been collected in Stoic Six Pack 4 -
The Sceptics: Pyrrhonic Sketches by Sextus Empiricus, Life of
Pyrrho by Diogenes Laertius, Sextus Empiricus and Greek Scepticism
by Mary Mills Patrick, The Greek Sceptics: from Pyrrho to Sextus by
Norman MacColl, Stoics and Sceptics by Edwyn Bevan and Life of
Carneades by Diogenes Laertius. A key concept for the sceptics was
ataraxia ("tranquility"), a Greek term used by Pyrrho to describe a
lucid state of robust tranquility, characterized by ongoing freedom
from distress and worry. By applying ideas of what he called
"practical skepticism" to Ethics and to life in general, Pyrrho
concluded that ataraxia could be achieved. Arriving at a state of
ataraxia became the ultimate goal of the early Skeptikoi.
Originally published in 1938. SYMBOLISM AND BELIEF by EDWYN BEVAN
PREFACE: THE lectures contained in this volume were given for the
University of Edinburgh on Lord Giffords founda tion In the years
1933 and 1934. I have delayed their publication in the hope that
with process of time I might, by further reading and thought, be
able to expand and modify them, so as to make them more worthy of
presen tation to the public in the form of a book. This hope has
been so meagrely realized that it now seems best to let them go
forth, with all their imperfections on their head, hardly at all
altered from the form in which they were delivered. Some changes in
arrangement have been made in the order of lectures the two on Time
now follow immediately the two on the spatial symbol of Height.
Four lectures have been omitted altogether from the present volume,
those on image-worship and doctrines ondemning the manufacture of
images in antiquity and in the Christian Church. Since in the rest
of the lectures ihe symbolism of material objects in worship was
not the kind of symbolism under consideration, these four lectures
seemed somewhat of a digression from the main ine of argument. I
hope later on to issue them as a small book by themselves. As is
generally known, Lord Giffords Will prescribes hat lecturers on his
foundation are not to ask their iudience to believe any statement
on the ground of any special revelation, whether contained in
Scripture or the iogma of a Church, but to rest what they affirm
solely upon grounds of reason. That is to say, their basis must be
the facts of the world so far as they are accessible to the reason
common to mankind. I hope that I have nowhere transgressed
thisrestriction imposed t by the munificent benefactor to whom
these lectures owe their existence. Of course beliefs entertained
by the Christian Church, or by Theists, are, as psychological
facts, among the indisputable facts of the world, and a Gifford
lecturer is, I take it, permitted to point to them, as such, though
he may not ask his hearers to accept them on the authority of
Church or Scripture. Since my two lectures on Time were written, a
note worthy contribution to the subject, from a Christian
standpoint, has been made by Mr. F. H. Brabant in his Bampton
Lectures, Time and Eternity in Christian Thought delivered in 1936,
published in 1937. It was unfortunate for me that I had not Mr.
Brabants book before me, when I wrote my two lectures. Of one thing
I am sure that the questions I have raised regarding the element of
symbolism in our religious conceptions take us to the very heart of
the religious problem. How inadequate my attempts to answer them
have been no one can be more conscious than I am. But if I have
succeeded in putting the questions themselves in a somewhat clearer
light, so that the thought of others may be directed upon them with
richer result, that at any rate is something which I trust the
University which honoured me by appointing me to this lectureship
will accept as something worth doing. Contents include: LECTURE
PAGE Preface 7 I. Introductory 1 1 II. Height 28 III. Height
continued 58 IV. Tiihe 82 V. Time continued 102 VI. Light 125 VII.
Spirit 151 VIII. Spirit continued 177 IX. The Wrath of God 206 X.
The Wrath of God continued 23 1 XI. Distinction of Literal and
Symbolical 252 XII. Symbols Without Conceptual Meaning 275 XIII.
Pragmatism and Analogy 297 XIV.Mansel and Pragmatism 318 XV.
Rationalism and Mysticism 341 S XVI. The Justification of Belief
364 Index 387.
First published in 1940, this title presents four of the Gifford
Lectures in natural theology given by Edwyn Bevan in 1933: 'An
Inquiry into Idolatry and Image-Worship in Ancient Paganism and
Christianity'. Reference is made throughout all four lectures not
only to the conventional disputes in Western Christianity, but also
to the attitudes of Hebrew, Pagan, Patristic, Muslim and Eastern
thinkers towards the role of symbols and symbolism in worship. In
this way, a subject of perennial fascination and importance is
placed in a broad historical context, and innovative lines of
enquiry are developed with clarity and insight. Holy Images offers
an intriguing and easily accessible resource to students of
theology, comparative religion, religious anthropology and
philosophy.
First published in 1927, this title presents a well-regarded study
of this intriguing - and often over-looked - period of Egyptian
history for the general reader as well as the student of Hellenism.
Edwyn Bevan describes his work as 'an attempt to tell afresh the
story of a great adventure, Greek rule in the land of the
Pharaohs...the general outlines of the story, which ends with the
astounding episode of Cleopatra, will, it is hoped, here be made
plain'. The result is a remarkable synthesis of historical
scholarship, prose style and breadth of vision, which will still
prove to be of value to Egypt enthusiasts and students of
Egyptology.
First published in 1929, this title presents some reflections from
one of the leading cultural commenters of his day, Edwyn Bevan, on
the notoriously controversial subject of burgeoning Indian
Nationalism during the twilight of the British Empire. Bevan's
analysis of the peculiarities, tensions and divisive issues of the
Indian situation as it existed at the end of the 1920s is of
particular relevance today, as historians attempt to develop a
nuanced and, as far as possible, objective account of the differing
mentalities that proved so volatile. The argument proceeds with
reference to a range of seemingly disparate topics: the difference
between forward- and backward-looking nationalism, the physical
well-being of the average Indian, and religious ethos, to name only
three. This fascinating reissue will prove valuable to students of
Indian and colonial history, British foreign policy and the
politics of nationalism.
The ancient world as a whole believed in the existence of a world
of spirits beyond, or alongside, the visible, tangible world. They
believed also that communications between these two worlds
frequently took place: everywhere we find diviners and prophets,
oracles and visionaries. First published in 1928, Sibyls and Seers
investigates the various aspects of this 'superstition' in the
Ancient Near East, in Homer, the Greek tragedians, and the myriad
religions of the Roman Empire. The theophanies of Yahweh in the Old
Testament - Enoch, Jeremiah, Ezekiel - are given some attention, as
is the tradition in Christian theology and literature: St Paul,
Pope Gregory the Great, Dionysius the Areopagite, and the
Scholastics. These lectures are clearly written, broad in scope and
full of insight for contemporary students of religion, theology and
anthropology.
First published in 1938, this title presents the greater part of
the 1933 Gifford Lectures in natural theology, given by Edwyn
Bevan. The questions raised regarding the element of symbolism in
religious conceptions takes the reader to the very heart of the
religious problem, and addresses some of the most fundamental
questions posed by theology and comparative religion: the nature of
'Spirit'; the spiritual efficacy of sacred histories and the images
they utilise, in particular those found in the Bible; the ambiguous
role of language, not only in relation to God but also to the world
around us; and the uncertainties pertaining to 'rationalism' and
'mysticism'. Symbolism and Belief offers the student of theology,
philosophy, scriptural exegesis and anthropology a wide-ranging
resource for the study of religious discourse.
First published in 1927, this title presents a well-regarded study
of this intriguing and often over-looked period of Egyptian
history, both for the general reader and the student of Hellenism.
Edwyn Bevan describes his work as 'an attempt to tell afresh the
story of a great adventure, Greek rule in the land of the
Pharaohs...which ends with the astounding episode of Cleopatra'.
The result is a remarkable synthesis of historical scholarship,
prose style and breadth of vision, which will still prove to be of
value to Egypt enthusiasts and students of Egyptology.
First published in 1938, this title presents the greater part of
the 1933 Gifford Lectures in natural theology, given by Edwyn
Bevan. The questions raised regarding the element of symbolism in
religious conceptions takes the reader to the very heart of the
religious problem, and addresses some of the most fundamental
questions posed by theology and comparative religion: the nature of
'Spirit'; the spiritual efficacy of sacred histories and the images
they utilise, in particular those found in the Bible; the ambiguous
role of language, not only in relation to God but also to the world
around us; and the uncertainties pertaining to 'rationalism' and
'mysticism'. Symbolism and Belief offers the student of theology,
philosophy, scriptural exegesis and anthropology a wide-ranging
resource for the study of religious discourse.
First published in 1929, this title presents some reflections from
one of the leading cultural commenters of his day, Edwyn Bevan, on
the notoriously controversial subject of burgeoning Indian
Nationalism during the twilight of the British Empire. Bevan's
analysis of the peculiarities, tensions and divisive issues of the
Indian situation as it existed at the end of the 1920s is of
particular relevance today, as historians attempt to develop a
nuanced and, as far as possible, objective account of the differing
mentalities that proved so volatile. The argument proceeds with
reference to a range of seemingly disparate topics: the difference
between forward- and backward-looking nationalism, the physical
well-being of the average Indian, and religious ethos, to name only
three. This fascinating reissue will prove valuable to students of
Indian and colonial history, British foreign policy and the
politics of nationalism.
First published in 1940, this title presents four of the Gifford
Lectures in natural theology given by Edwyn Bevan in 1933: 'An
Inquiry into Idolatry and Image-Worship in Ancient Paganism and
Christianity'. Reference is made throughout all four lectures not
only to the conventional disputes in Western Christianity, but also
to the attitudes of Hebrew, Pagan, Patristic, Muslim and Eastern
thinkers towards the role of symbols and symbolism in worship. In
this way, a subject of perennial fascination and importance is
placed in a broad historical context, and innovative lines of
enquiry are developed with clarity and insight. Holy Images offers
an intriguing and easily accessible resource to students of
theology, comparative religion, religious anthropology and
philosophy.
The ancient world as a whole believed in the existence of a world
of spirits beyond, or alongside, the visible, tangible world. They
believed also that communications between these two worlds
frequently took place: everywhere we find diviners and prophets,
oracles and visionaries. First published in 1928, Sibyls and Seers
investigates the various aspects of this 'superstition' in the
Ancient Near East, in Homer, the Greek tragedians, and the myriad
religions of the Roman Empire. The theophanies of Yahweh in the Old
Testament - Enoch, Jeremiah, Ezekiel - are given some attention, as
is the tradition in Christian theology and literature: St Paul,
Pope Gregory the Great, Dionysius the Areopagite, and the
Scholastics. These lectures are clearly written, broad in scope and
full of insight for contemporary students of religion, theology and
anthropology.
First published in 1921, this title examines the relationship
between what the author labels the 'rationalist' element in Western
culture on the one hand, derived from the ancient Greeks, and
Christianity, on the other. Bevan contends that these two
traditions are distinct, but not mutually exclusive, and that to
understand fully their mutuality and reciprocity it is necessary to
examine the distinct history of both: their individual provenances,
their fusion and interpenetration, and also, their future together.
The first chapter attempts to indicate the significance of Hellenic
culture in its relation to Eastern civilisation. The extinction of
Paganism at the time of Augustine is examined, as is a selection of
moral issues associated with the Christian life, as that is
interpreted by the author. Finally, the notion of 'progress' is
investigated with specific reference to the position of
Christianity in the modern world.
First published in 1921, this title examines the relationship
between what the author labels the 'rationalist' element in Western
culture on the one hand, derived from the ancient Greeks, and
Christianity, on the other. Bevan contends that these two
traditions are distinct, but not mutually exclusive, and that to
understand fully their mutuality and reciprocity it is necessary to
examine the distinct history of both: their individual provenances,
their fusion and interpenetration, and also, their future together.
The first chapter attempts to indicate the significance of Hellenic
culture in its relation to Eastern civilisation. The extinction of
Paganism at the time of Augustine is examined, as is a selection of
moral issues associated with the Christian life, as that is
interpreted by the author. Finally, the notion of 'progress' is
investigated with specific reference to the position of
Christianity in the modern world.
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