The use and misuse of IQ tests has long been a subject of contention in the scientific and social communities, particularly because these evaluations favor intelligence at the expense of other valuable human qualities. This is the first book of its kind to examine the historical development of our modern concept of intelligence and to explore America's fascination with the controversial exams that purport to measure it. Most of us assume that people in every period and in every region of the world have understood and valued intelligence in the same way we do today. Our modern concept of intelligence, however, is actually quite recent, emerging from the dramatic social and scientific changes that rocked the United States during the 19th century. Inventing Intelligence: How America Came to Worship IQ discusses the historical context for understanding the development of the concept of intelligence and the tests used to measure it. The author delves into the intertwined issues of IQ, heredity, and merit to offer a provocative look at how Americans came to overvalue IQ and the personal and social problems that have resulted. A detailed assessment of the century-long debate over IQ tests and their uses Interdisciplinary content covering psychology, history, science, and sociology A collection of popular opinions of intelligence assessment from professionals, pundits, and politicians A chronological look at the concept of intelligence and at the process through which Americans have come to worship it

This book describes the course of social and emotional development in children and adults with mental retardation. Based on empirical research exploring the effect of cognitive delays and socialization for incompetence on normal developmental milestones, the text is supplemented and enriched by the reflections of individuals with mental retardation. Castles begins with an overview of social and emotional development in intellectually normal persons and a discussion of how this process is affected by the experience of mental retardation. Subsequent chapters deal with changing relationships between persons with retardation and their families throughout their lifespans; friendships and social skills; self-esteem, coping skills, and stigmas; and major issues of adult life such as work, sexuality, marriage, and parenthood. This book will be useful to educators, mental health professionals, vocational counselors, and the families of persons with developmental disabilities. Chapters include specific recommendations for how professionals and family members might help to improve the social and emotional functioning of individuals with mental retardation. The final section of the book focuses on mental health concerns, describing the nature and causes of emotional disturbance in persons with mental retardation and outlining resources for intervention and treatment. This book will be invaluable to educators, mental health profesionals, vocational counselors, and the families of persons with developmental disabilities.