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The 'problem of authority' was not an invention of the Protestant
Reformation, but, as the essays contained in this volume
demonstrate, its discussion, in ever greater complexity, was one of
the ramifications (if not causes) of the deepening divisions within
the Christian church in the sixteenth century. Any optimism that
the principle of sola scriptura might provide a vehicle for unity
and concord in the post-Reformation church was soon to be dented by
a growing uncertainty and division, evident even in early
evangelical writing and preaching. Representing a new approach to
an important subject this volume of essays widens the understanding
and interpretation of authority in the debates of the Reformation.
The fruits of original and recent research, each essay builds with
careful scholarship on solid historiographical foundations,
ensuring that the content and ultimate conclusions do much to
challenge long-standing assumptions about perceptions of authority
in the aftermath of the Reformation. Rather than dealing with
individual sources of authority in isolation, the volume examines
the juxtapositions of and negotiations between elements of the
authoritative synthesis, and thereby throws new light on the nature
of authority in early-modern Europe as a whole. This volume is thus
an ideal vehicle with which to bring high quality, new, and
significant research into the public domain for the first time,
whilst adding substantially to the existing corpus of Reformation
scholarship.
Between the later middle ages and the eighteenth century, religious
orders were in the vanguard of reform movements within the
Christian church. Recent scholarship on medieval Europe has
emphasised how mendicants exercised a significant influence on the
religiosity of the laity by actually shaping their spirituality and
piety. In a similar way for the early modern period, religious
orders have been credited with disseminating Tridentine reform,
training new clergy, gaining new converts and bringing those who
had strayed back into the fold. Much about this process, however,
still remains unknown, particularly with regards to east central
Europe. Exploring the complex relationship between western
monasticism and lay society in east central Europe across a broad
chronological timeframe, this collection provides a re-examination
of the level and nature of interaction between members of religious
orders and the communities around them. That the studies in this
collection are all located in east central Europe - Transylvania,
Hungary, Austria, and Bohemia- fulfils a second key aim of the
volume: the examination of clerical and lay piety in a region of
Europe almost entirely ignored by western scholarship. As such the
volume provides an important addition to current scholarship,
showcasing fresh research on a subject and region on which little
has been published in English. The volume further contributes to
the reintegration of eastern and western European history,
expanding the existing parameters of scholarly discourse into late
medieval and early modern religious practice and piety.
Dr Georg Eder was an extraordinary figure who rose from humble
origins to hold a number of high positions at Vienna University and
the city's Habsburg court between 1552 and 1584. His increasingly
uncompromising Catholicism eventually placed him at odds, however,
with many influential figures around him, not least the
confessionally moderate Habsburg Emperor, Maximillian II. Pivoting
around a dramatic incident in 1573, when Eder's ferocious
anti-Lutheran polemic, the Evangelical Inquisition, fell under
sharp Imperial condemnation, this book investigates three key
aspects of his career. It examines Eder's position as a Catholic in
the predominantly Protestant Vienna of his day; the public
expression of Eder's Catholicism and the strong Jesuit influence on
the same; and Eder's rescue and subsequent survival as a lay
advocate of Catholic reform, largely through the alternative
protection of the Habsburgs' rivals, the Wittelsbach Dukes of
Bavaria. Based on a wide variety of printed and manuscript
material, this study contributes to existing historiography by
reconstructing the career of one of late sixteenth-century Vienna's
most prominent figures. In a broader sense it also adds
significantly to the wider canon of Reformation history by
re-examining the nature and extent of Catholicism at the Viennese
court in the latter half of the sixteenth century. It concludes by
emphasising the importance of influential laity such as Eder in
advancing the cause of Catholic reform, and challenges the
prevalent portrayal of the sixteenth-century Catholic laity as an
anonymous and largely passive group who merely responded to the
ministries of others.
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