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Invisible Labour in Modern Science is about the people who are
concealed, eclipsed, or anonymised in accounts of scientific
research. Many scientific workers-including translators, activists,
archivists, technicians, curators, and ethics review boards-are
absent in formal publications and omitted from stories of
discovery. Scientific reports are often held to ideals of
transparency, yet they are the result of careful judgments about
what (and what not) to reveal. Professional scientists are often
celebrated, yet they are expected to uphold principles of
'objective' self-denial. The emerging and leading scholars writing
in this book negotiate such silences and omissions to reveal how
invisibilitieshave shaped twentieth and twenty-first century
science. Invisibility can be unjust; it can also be powerful. What
is invisible to whom, and when does this matter? How do power
structures built on hierarchies of race, gender, class, and nation
frame what can be seen? And for those observing science: when does
the recovery of the 'invisible' serve social justice and when does
it invade privacy? Tackling head-on the silences and dilemmas that
can haunt historians, this book transforms invisibility into a
guide for exploring the moral sensibilities and politics of science
and its history.
This book examines the ways in which studies of science intertwined
with Cold War politics, in both familiar and less familiar
"battlefields" of the Cold War. Taken together, the essays
highlight two primary roles for science studies as a new field of
expertise institutionalized during the Cold War in different
political regimes. Firstly, science studies played a political role
in cultural Cold War in sustaining as well as destabilizing
political ideologies in different political and national contexts.
Secondly, it was an instrument of science policies in the early
Cold War: the studies of science were promoted as the underpinning
for the national policies framed with regard to both global
geopolitics and local national priorities. As this book
demonstrates, however, the wider we cast our net, extending our
histories beyond the more researched developments in the Anglophone
West, the more complex and ambivalent both the "science studies"
and "the Cold War" become outside these more familiar spaces. The
national stories collected in this book may appear incommensurable
with what we know as science studies today, but these stories
present a vantage point from which to pluralize some of the visions
that were constitutive to the construction of "Cold War" as a
juxtaposition of the liberal democracies in the "West" and the
communist "East."
Increasingly, scholars in the humanities are calling for a
reengagement with the natural sciences. Taking their cues from
recent breakthroughs in genetics and the neurosciences, advocates
of "big history" are reassessing long-held assumptions about the
very definition of history, its methods, and its evidentiary base.
In Scientific History, Elena Aronova maps out historians'
continuous engagement with the methods, tools, values, and scale of
the natural sciences by examining several waves of their
experimentation that surged highest at perceived times of trouble,
from the crisis-ridden decades of the early twentieth century to
the ruptures of the Cold War. The book explores the intertwined
trajectories of six intellectuals and the larger programs they set
in motion: Henri Berr (1863-1954), Nikolai Bukharin (1888-1938),
Lucien Febvre (1878-1956), Nikolai Vavilov (1887-1943), Julian
Huxley (1887-1975), and John Desmond Bernal (1901-1971). Though
they held different political views, spoke different languages, and
pursued different goals, these thinkers are representative of a
larger motley crew who joined the techniques, approaches, and
values of science with the writing of history, and who created
powerful institutions and networks to support their projects. In
tracing these submerged stories, Aronova reveals encounters that
profoundly shaped our knowledge of the past, reminding us that it
is often the forgotten parts of history that are the most
revealing.
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