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By the second half of the twentieth century, a new branch of
materials science had come into being - crystalline materials
research. Its appearance is linked to the emergence of advanced
technologies primarily based on single crystals (bulk crystals and
films). At the turn of the last century, the impending onset of the
"ceramic era" was forecasted. It was believed that ceramics would
play a role comparable to that of the Stone or Bronze Ages in the
history of civilization. Naturally, such an assumption was
hypothetical, but it showed that ceramic materials had evoked keen
interest among researchers. Although sapphire traditionally has
been considered a gem, it has developed into a material typical of
the "ceramic era." Widening the field of sapphire application
necessitated essential improvement of its homogeneity and working
characteristics and extension of the range of sapphire products,
especially those with stipulated properties including a preset
structural defect distribution. In the early 1980s, successful
attainment of crystals with predetermined char- teristics was
attributed to proper choice of the growth method. At present, in
view of the fact that the requirements for crystalline products
have become more str- gent, such an approach tends to be
insufficient. It is clear that one must take into account the
physical-chemical processes that take place during the formation of
the real crystal structure, i.e., the growth mechanisms and the
nature and causes of crystal imperfections.
By the second half of the twentieth century, a new branch of
materials science had come into being - crystalline materials
research. Its appearance is linked to the emergence of advanced
technologies primarily based on single crystals (bulk crystals and
films). At the turn of the last century, the impending onset of the
"ceramic era" was forecasted. It was believed that ceramics would
play a role comparable to that of the Stone or Bronze Ages in the
history of civilization. Naturally, such an assumption was
hypothetical, but it showed that ceramic materials had evoked keen
interest among researchers. Although sapphire traditionally has
been considered a gem, it has developed into a material typical of
the "ceramic era." Widening the field of sapphire application
necessitated essential improvement of its homogeneity and working
characteristics and extension of the range of sapphire products,
especially those with stipulated properties including a preset
structural defect distribution. In the early 1980s, successful
attainment of crystals with predetermined char- teristics was
attributed to proper choice of the growth method. At present, in
view of the fact that the requirements for crystalline products
have become more str- gent, such an approach tends to be
insufficient. It is clear that one must take into account the
physical-chemical processes that take place during the formation of
the real crystal structure, i.e., the growth mechanisms and the
nature and causes of crystal imperfections.
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