Imre Lakatos's Proofs and Refutations is an enduring classic, which has never lost its relevance. Taking the form of a dialogue between a teacher and some students, the book considers various solutions to mathematical problems and, in the process, raises important questions about the nature of mathematical discovery and methodology. Lakatos shows that mathematics grows through a process of improvement by attempts at proofs and critiques of these attempts, and his work continues to inspire mathematicians and philosophers aspiring to develop a philosophy of mathematics that accounts for both the static and the dynamic complexity of mathematical practice. With a specially commissioned Preface written by Paolo Mancosu, this book has been revived for a new generation of readers.

Einstein's Revolution is a textbook on relativity written from a historical-methodological point of view. It can be used as an account of Einstein's physical theory even if the reader has no sympathy with the author's philosophical standpoint, or it can be read for the author's philosophical argument, without the reader having to follow all the details of the physics. The work challenges a distinction made by the Vienna Circle an still influential today: the distinction between "the context of discovery" and "the context of justification." According to the traditional view, the context of discovery calls for no rational reconstruction and belongs, in effect, to psychology, while only latter is subject to a proper logic of appraisal. Against these theses, Zahar shows that there is a logic of discovery and that it plays an important role in the appraisal of theories.

Imre Lakatos's Proofs and Refutations is an enduring classic, which has never lost its relevance. Taking the form of a dialogue between a teacher and some students, the book considers various solutions to mathematical problems and, in the process, raises important questions about the nature of mathematical discovery and methodology. Lakatos shows that mathematics grows through a process of improvement by attempts at proofs and critiques of these attempts, and his work continues to inspire mathematicians and philosophers aspiring to develop a philosophy of mathematics that accounts for both the static and the dynamic complexity of mathematical practice. With a specially commissioned Preface written by Paolo Mancosu, this book has been revived for a new generation of readers.

As notions of postmodernism and deconstruction have become exceedingly fashionable in recent times, scholars have attempted to remake epistemology as a subjectivist enterprise. "Why Science Needs Metaphysics" deplores this state of affairs and attempts to correct it by reviving rational metaphysics as well as some of the sound ideas of the Vienna circle. (A rational metaphysics maintains that the world around us is real, and has a specific nature independent of our thoughts or feelings.) In arguing for a rational metaphysics, Zahar corrects and extends Karl Popper's approach to epistemological problems and develops Lakatos's Methodology of Scientific Research Programs into his own methodology. The book ends with two short case studies, one on the development of atomic theory, and the other on Einstein's philosophy of science. Both illustrate that realist metaphysics are crucial to the work of our greatest scientists.