Influenza viruses, both seasonal and pandemic, have the potential to disrupt the health and well-being of populations around the world. The global response to the COVID-19 pandemic and prior public health emergencies of international concern illustrate the importance of global preparedness and coordination among governments, academia, scientists, policy makers, nongovernmental organizations, the private sector, and the public to address the threat of pandemic influenza. These health emergencies have revealed opportunities to enhance global vaccine infrastructure, manufacturing, distribution, and administration. Globally Resilient Supply Chains for Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza Vaccines outlines key findings and recommendations to bolster vaccine distribution, manufacturing, and supply chains for future seasonal and pandemic influenza events. This report addresses the challenges of manufacturing and distributing vaccines for both seasonal and pandemic influenza, highlighting the critical components of vaccine manufacturing and distribution and offering recommendations that would address gaps in the current global vaccine infrastructure. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Influenza Virus and Influenza Vaccines: A Primer 3 Critical Components for Vaccine Manufacturing 4 Vaccine Distribution and Delivery 5 Frameworks, Tools, and Innovations for Distribution Readiness 6 Barriers, Incentives, and Innovations for Sustainable Manufacturing 7 A Way Forward Appendix A: Review of Previous Recommendations for Pandemic Vaccine Manufacturing Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff Appendix C: Agendas: Open Committee Meetings

To take stock of lessons learned from COVID-19 around the world and in the United States, the Forum on Microbial Threats held two virtual workshops during 2021. The first workshop focused on what it means to frame the response to COVID-19 through a "syndemic" approach, and what the implications would be for global recovery. The second workshop focused more broadly on key lessons and emerging data from ongoing pandemic response efforts that can be incorporated into current health systems to improve resilience and preparedness for future outbreaks. This workshop explored the long-term effects of COVID-19 on health equity, including considerations for mental health and social determinants of health. It also addressed uncertainties during a pandemic, such as trust, communication, and engagement and explored approaches to systematize recovery efforts to improve the ongoing responses and prepare for the next pandemic. Experts discussed possibilities for a post-pandemic world and a response strategy for stakeholders that ensures sustained community partnerships and prioritization of health equity. This Proceedings of a Workshop summarizes the presentations and discussions from the second workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Potential Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 on Health Equity 3 Addressing Uncertainties in Pandemic Communication 4 Systematizing Recovery Efforts to Mitigate the Next Pandemic 5 Strategies for a Post-COVID World References Appendix A: Workshop Statement of Task Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Speaker Biographies Appendix D: Table of Strategic Actionsfrom Group One Appendix E: Table of Strategic Actions from Group Two