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The Naval base in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba has been in the news
constantly since the U.S. began using it as a prison camp after the
terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. With all the controversy
surrounding the torture of suspects at the prison, its
precedent-setting prior use as an immigrant detention center for
Haitian and Cuban boat people has been largely overlooked.
Overcoming Guantanamo is an oral history of the rafter crisis and
the camps written by an anthropologist who worked in the camps.
More than a straight oral history, the book is a study of
group-level trauma and coping. Using a trauma studies perspective
along with discourse-oriented models from anthropology, the book
discusses examples of the extensive camp artwork as well as the
oral history narratives as part of a meaning-making process that
necessarily occurs as people recover from trauma. Campisi worked in
the Cuban camps for a year as a temporary employee of the Justice
Department's mediation service, and then returned to analyze the
camps from an anthropological point of view. She conducted life
history interviews of twelve of the rafters, which included the
process of disenchantment with the Revolution, leaving Cuba, the
rafting trip, life on the base, and their initial experiences in
Cuban Miami, focusing on life on the base. Their stories are
gripping. Some people provided disturbing accounts of military
abuses, which is an ancillary reason that Overcoming Guantanamo is
important right now: human rights violations that occurred at the
prison for terror suspects also occurred in the Cuban and Haitian
camps, but few people know about them. All such violations should
be taken into account in current debates about the use of the base.
While it is important as an oral history, the book's examination of
the camp culture also makes it a new contribution to the field of
anthropology. Campisi argues that because trauma has cognitive and
emotional impacts that require an individual to create new
meanings, when people work through individually-traumatic
experiences as a group, the new meanings they generate together
create new cultural forms. Hence, social trauma can be culturally
generative. In these times, that is an important conclusion.
While the Naval base in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba is well-known for its
infamous prison camp, few people are aware of its prior use as an
immigrant detention center for Haitian and Cuban refugees.
Beginning in August 1994, the United States government declared
that thousands of Cubans who had launched themselves into the
Florida Straits on rickety rafts were "illegal refugees" and sent
them to join over fifteen thousand Haitians already being held on
Guantanamo after fleeing a violent coup in Haiti. Escape to Miami
recounts the gripping stories of the rafters who were detained in
Guantanamo during the 1994-1996 Cuban Rafter Crisis. After working
in the camps for a year as an employee of the U.S. Justice
Department, Elizabeth Campisi conducted life history interviews
with twelve of the rafters, chronicling their departures from Cuba,
their rafting trips, life on the base, and their initial
experiences in Cuban Miami. Through these remarkable narratives,
the book details the ways in which the rafters used creative
expression, such as performance and artwork, to cope with the
traumas they experienced in the camp. Campisi explores these coping
mechanisms, showing that, when people work through
individually-traumatic experiences as a group, the new meanings
they create during that process can come together to change
existing cultures or create new ones. Vivid and engaging, Escape to
Miami gives voice to the untold stories of Guantanamo. This book is
a must-read for anyone interested in policy, Latin American
history, and human rights.
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