|
Showing 1 - 20 of
20 matches in All Departments
This book evaluates the potential of the combined use of district
heating networks and cogeneration in the European Union (EU). It
also proposes measures to remove barriers hindering their
widespread implementation, formulates policies for their
implementation, and evaluates their economic, energy, and
environmental consequences. The book presents a preliminary
assessment of the likely cost and the impact of widespread adoption
of district heating networks and cogeneration carried out in three
cities that represent the variety of climatic conditions in the EU.
Based on this assessment, it is estimated that by undertaking the
maximum economically feasible implementation across the EU, fuel
savings of EURO95M/year would be achieved, representing energy
savings of 6,400 petajoules (PJ), which is around 15% of the total
final energy consumption in the EU in 2013 (46,214.5 PJ). Using
simple and quick calculations and not specific software, the method
used allows the evaluation of the potential benefits of
retrofitting existing power plants into cogeneration plants and
connecting them to nearby heating networks. In light of increasing
energy costs and environmental concerns, the book is of interest to
heating engineers, city planners, and policy-makers around the
globe.
Sustainable Energy Planning in Smart Grids curates a diverse
selection of innovative technological applications for
problem-solving towards a sustainable smart grid. Through these
examples, the reader will discover the flexibility and analytical
skills required for the race towards reliable, resilient, renewable
energy. This book’s combination of real-world case studies allows
students and researchers to understand the complex,
interdisciplinary systems that impact potential solutions. Detailed
analysis highlights the positives and drawbacks of a variety of
options, modeling considerations, and criteria for success. Trials
and testing include electric vehicle charging, public lighting,
energy mapping, heating solutions, and a proposal for 100%
renewable cities. With contributions from a global range of
experts, this book builds the complex picture of integrated,
systemic modern energy planning.
This book explores the potential of magnetic superconductors in
storage systems, specifically focusing on superconducting magnetic
energy storage (SMES) systems and using the Spanish electricity
system, controlled by Red Eléctrica de España (REE), as an
example. The book provides a comprehensive analysis of the economic
costs associated with the manufacture and maintenance of SMES
systems, as well as a regulatory analysis for their implementation
in the complex Spanish electrical system. The analysis also
compares this system with the regulations of other countries,
providing a comprehensive case study. The book examines the
possible economic and environmental benefits of using magnetic
superconductors in electrical systems and provides a technical
study of the use of these systems in hybrid storage systems that
complement each other to optimize network performance. The study is
conducted from the perspective of new distribution networks,
distributed generation, and the concepts of the smart city. The
book also explores potential applications and developments, such as
electric vehicles. Overall, this book offers an insightful and
comprehensive analysis of the potential of magnetic superconductors
in storage systems. It will be an invaluable resource for
researchers, engineers, and policymakers interested in the future
of energy storage systems  Â
This book highlights the importance of geothermal energy by
studying its potential either alone or in combination with solar
energy, focusing on its industrial application. Its starting point
is to identify in a thorough and precise manner the barriers that
hinder the implementation of geothermal energy in Spain and the
European Union and the measures to be taken to achieve its
diffusion and regular use. Next, the book looks at how geothermal
energy could contribute to this sector and to the desalination
industry in particular, analysing a specific case in the south of
Spain and extrapolating its results to a set of existing
desalination plants in the Spanish Mediterranean with really
interesting results in terms of economic amortisation and CO2
emissions avoided to the atmosphere. Beyond the desalination
industry, this work demonstrates that almost 85% of the industrial
processes of all industry in Spain can be carried out with very
low, low and medium temperature geothermal resources and even
applies its results to a set of existing solar plants, comparing in
economic terms the results already obtained with those that would
have been obtained if geothermal energy had been applied.
This book investigates the sustainability performance of system
that use microgrids in desalination processes. Climate change may
be especially dramatic in its effects on island environments. In
these environments, aquifers and wells could become over exploited
resulting the use of desalination plans. The synergies between
water, energy, and food sectors have been identified as vital in
achieving the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals. The
book explores desalination and microgrids technically as well the
economic and legal aspects that must be considered in order explore
their techno-economic feasibility - analyzing how to improve the
desalination process, proposing a method to locate and size a
microgrid. Other synergies between the water, energy, and food
system are discussed and the benefits to society that might result
in these systems. Also, the lessons learned are highlighted in the
context of how they may apply to other sustainable enterprises.
Energy Services Fundamentals and Financing, first volume of the
Energy Services and Management series, provides a global view of
energy services schemes and practices. The book discusses the role
of energy services within the larger energy landscape and explores
key technical aspects of energy systems for power, heating and
cooling, including renewable energy systems and combined heat and
power. The book analyzes energy efficiency in several electrical
devices, such as motors, lighting and vehicles. It then examines
actual energy services business models and policy, before
presenting a quick reference section that includes key models and
calculations.
Among other things, this book analyzes the energy losses in
transformation systems composed of parallel transformers and
proposes a method known as PLO that allows for the reduction of
these losses. Distribution transformer system losses represent an
important contribution to the quantity of GHG emitted to the
atmosphere and have a high economic cost. This book benefits the
reader by proposing and validating a novel method for the
transformer utilities of three efficiency levels. This method can
be implemented with any transformer, regardless of its
characteristics. New low-loss transformers have lower losses but
higher economic cost, and so their installation is cost-effective
only if the total cost over the life cycle is lower. However,
replacement of existing transformers is rarely profitable. This
book proposes a method to reduce losses throughout the life cycle
in new or existing installations. For implementation, the system
does not require any additional device and allows energy savings of
up to 41% to be obtained over the initial losses when it is used in
parallel transformers; the study also proposes using an automated
system instead of manual disconnection. The new energy measurement
equipment in smart grid systems facilitates the installation and
operation of this method. Due to its contribution to the current
pool of knowledge for topics such as repowering and renewable
distribution systems, this book is an ideal resource for those
interested in renewable energy, electric power systems and their
applications.
This book acts as a reference that provides readers with the
broadest available single volume coverage of leading edge advances
in the development and optimization of clean energy technologies.
One of the objectives of this book is to conduct a primary energy
analysis and economic evaluation of solar thermal and photovoltaic
cooling systems used for air conditioning in office buildings that
apply simulation systems. Due to the climatic conditions that
influence the performance of these two systems, the comparison is
made for three different climates corresponding to Palermo, Madrid
and Stuttgart. For each climate, the same geometry and dimensions
of a building are considered, but with different user profiles and
construction. Consequently, different heating and cooling loads
twelve cases in total are taken into consideration. Another purpose
of this book is to highlight water consumption as a key design
parameter in determining the most convenient cooling system and
selecting the most appropriate location for Solar Parabolic Trough
(SPT) plants. Considering the importance of water in guaranteeing
environmental sustainability, a review of water consumption
parameters is presented, and water consumption in the SPT plants
that are in the planning stages for southern Spain are analyzed as
examples. The selected region for the present study is exposed to
high horizontal solar irradiance, undergoes large seasonal weather
fluctuations (prolonged droughts) and is located far from the coast
(determining the sites topography and soil availability). These
characteristics demonstrate that water consumption is one of the
decisive factors for the construction of new solar plants in
similar locations worldwide, in addition to other considerations
such as capital cost or plant efficiency.
This book develops a novel and simple, yet rigorous methodology
that, by means of basic techniques and tools available to any
engineer, enables the study of solar concentrator performance
parameter scattering on the control of the solar field outlet
temperature. Several simulations are performed considering a
realistic solar field comprised of a large set of solar collectors
with slight differences in performance. Sets of scattered parameter
distributions are randomly assigned to the collectors in the solar
field. Sensitivity analysis of solar field behavior is then
performed in terms of the distribution of the performance
parameters of the solar collectors, followed by a comparison
between different configurations of the solar field according to
the number of subfields. The latter is of great interest in order
to evaluate the effect of a subfield number on the ability of the
solar fields operator to control the temperature of the solar field
when a flow control valve is not available in each loop. As a
special feature, this book proposes a new model for characterizing
the energetic behavior of grid connected PV inverters. The model
has been obtained from a detailed study of the main loss processes
in small size PV inverters in the market. The main advantage of the
used method is to obtain a model that comprises two antagonistic
features, since both are simple, easy to compute and apply, and
accurate. One of the main features of this model is how it handles
the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and its efficiency:
Concerning both parts, the model uses the same approach and is
achieved by two resistive elements which simulate the losses
inherent to each parameter. This makes this model easy to
implement, compact and refine. The model presented here also
includes other parameters, such as the start threshold, standby
consumption and islanding behavior. As an example, the model has
been implemented in the PSPICE electronic simulator, and this
approach has been used to teach grid-connected PV systems. The use
of this model for the maintenance of working PV facilities is also
shown.
This book develops a novel and simple, yet rigorous methodology
that, by means of basic techniques and tools available to any
engineer, enables the study of solar concentrator performance
parameter scattering on the control of the solar field outlet
temperature. Several simulations are performed considering a
realistic solar field comprised of a large set of solar collectors
with slight differences in performance. Sets of scattered parameter
distributions are randomly assigned to the collectors in the solar
field. Sensitivity analysis of solar field behavior is then
performed in terms of the distribution of the performance
parameters of the solar collectors, followed by a comparison
between different configurations of the solar field according to
the number of subfields. The latter is of great interest in order
to evaluate the effect of a subfield number on the ability of the
solar fields operator to control the temperature of the solar field
when a flow control valve is not available in each loop. As a
special feature, this book proposes a new model for characterizing
the energetic behaviour of grid connected PV inverters. The model
has been obtained from a detailed study of the main loss processes
in small size PV inverters in the market. The main advantage of the
used method is to obtain a model that comprises two antagonistic
features, since both are simple, easy to compute and apply, and
accurate. One of the main features of this model is how it handles
the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and its efficiency:
Concerning both parts, the model uses the same approach and is
achieved by two resistive elements which simulate the losses
inherent to each parameter. This makes this model easy to
implement, compact and refine. The model presented here also
includes other parameters, such as the start threshold, standby
consumption and islanding behavior. As an example, the model has
been implemented in the PSPICE electronic simulator, and this
approach has been used to teach grid-connected PV systems. The use
of this model for the maintenance of working PV facilities is also
shown.
The main objective of this book is to evaluate alternative energy
systems in buildings regardless of their location and climatic
conditions. To do so, evaluations have been conducted in temperate
and marine weather conditions in developed countries like Germany;
in a semiarid climate in Spain; and in a humid subtropical climate
in Brazil. Over the past few years, the use of passive cooling and
heating technologies has become more common for reducing the energy
consumption of buildings. However, these technologies are not often
used for some building systems. Buildings intended for children or
the elderly are often climatized to improve indoor thermal
conditions. In this book, a cost reduction in climatization based
on passive systems is proposed and studied. Building site
optimisation is performed to improve thermal behavior. To achieve
this, computational fluid dynamics tools have been used. The
integration of these passive systems allows the peak power demand
to be reduced by up to 50% and the yearly energy consumption to be
reduced by approximately 40%. These reductions are studied for
conventional and renewable energy systems, showing that passive
systems provide better thermal comfort and reduce initial
investment and energy consumption, making low-cost buildings
feasible.
|
|