ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE Since the 1970s, environmental issues have become a major concern for European citizens and thus for European politicians. In the same time frame the political sphere in Europe, and in particular within the European Union, has also been undergoing major transformations. Dealing with environmental issues over more than fifty years in a historical perspective enables us to gain a better understanding of these transformations, notably the emergence of a European public sphere and how this is changing decision-making processes. Drawing on recent research results from various disciplines, including history, sociology, law and political sciences, this volume addresses the methodological challenge of a European perspective on a transnational subject - one that is commonly distorted by a national prism. It shows how perceptions of the environment are increasingly converging and how these convergences of views across political or linguistic borders in the long run exert an undeniable influence not only on political debates but also on political decisions across Europe. Revealing European characteristics of perceptions, debates and policies, this volume contributes to a history of Europeanisation beyond the usual political turning points and limits.

London and Paris, the world's two leading financial centres in the nineteenth century, experienced differing fortunes during the twentieth century. While London remained an international financial centre, Paris' influence declined. Yet over the last twenty years deregulation, internationalization, and the advent of the single currency have reactivated their competition in ways reminiscent of their old rivalry before the First World War. This book provides a long-term perspective on the development of each centre, with special attention devoted to the pre-1914 years and to the last decades of the twentieth century, in order to contrast these two eras of globalization. The chapters include both archive-based and synthetic surveys and are written by the leading specialists of the field. This comparison between Europe's two leading capital cities will also provide new insights into two important subjects: the political economy of Britain and France in the twentieth century, and the history of international financial centres. As much as a comparison between London and Paris as international financial centres, this book is an Anglo-French comparison; in other words, it considers, through the prism of finance, several aspects of the two countries' economic, business, social, and political histories. It includes contributions from leading banking, financial, and economic historians, and will be of interest to academics, researchers, and students of Financial and Economic History, and the role of London and Paris in particular.

Rien ne parait aujourd'hui plus simple que d'envoyer une carte postale depuis l'etranger ou de joindre par telephone les antipodes. Les reseaux de communication, postaux ou electriques, s'affranchissent non seulement des distances, mais des frontieres. Cet etat de fait n'a rien de naturel ou de techniquement determine. Pour lui donner la forme qu'il a prise, il a certes fallu des moyens materiels, revolutionnes au cours des innovations, mais aussi des accords politiques et techniques. Le present ouvrage est le premier a proposer une histoire, de l'interieur et dans la longue duree, de la cooperation qui a ainsi canalise l'expansion internationale des flux d'information depuis la seconde moitie du XIXe siecle. En suivant les acteurs francais, il plonge dans l'espace meconnu des organisations techniques internationales, avec leurs debats feutres aux lourds enjeux economiques et symboliques, ou se sont articules de maniere originale la souverainete des Etats, le service d'un public transnational et un ideal de rapprochement des peuples. Recit de la mise au monde des reseaux, c'est aussi celui de la mise en reseaux d'une Europe ou les frontieres sont moins des barrieres que des franchissements. Avec au coeur, a la charniere du technique et du diplomatique, la communaute discrete et puissante des experts.