Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Reprint complete in one volume that contains "an English translation of five sections of the fourth volume of Otto von Gierke's magisterial treatise on the history of the German law of associations. When this edition was published, all competent students of the history of jurisprudence and political thought at once recognized that Professor Barker had made a very important contribution to the literature of these fields, none the less so because of the elaborate and learned Introduction which he himself had contributed." C.J. Friedrich, Harv. L. Rev. 49:677-680 cited in Marke, Catalogue of the Law Collection at New York University 938. Gierke [1841-1921], an important German jurist, is widely considered to be a founder of modern German constitutional law.

Much has been written about the interpretation of Plato in the last thirty years. Once interpreted as a revolutionary of the left, and a prophet of Socialism, he has lately been interpreted as a revolutionary of the Right and a forerunner of Fascism. In this book Plato appears as himself - a revolutionary indeed, and even an authoritarian, but a revolutionary of the pure idea of the Good, and an authoritarian of the pure reason, unattached either to the Right or the Left.

The CRUSADES - PREFACE - 1923 - The Signficance of the Crusades. - THE Crusades may be regarded partly as the decumanus fEuctus in the tide of religious revival, which had begun in western Europe during the tenth century, and had mounted high during the eleventh partly as a chapter, and a most important chapter, in the history of the interaction of East and West. Contemporaries regarded them in the former of these two aspects, as holy wars and pilgrims progresses towards Christs Sepulchre the reflective eye of the historian must perhaps regard them no less from the latter point of view. Considered as holy wars the Crusades must be interpreted by the ideas of an age which was dominated by the spirit of otherworldliness, and accordingly ruled by the clerical power which represented the other world. They are a novum salutis genus, a new path to Heaven, to tread which counted for full and complete satisfaction pro omni poenitentia and gave forgiveness of sins peccaminum remissio l they are, again, the foreign policy of the papacy, directing its faithful subjects to the great war of Christianity against the infidel. As a new way of salvation, the Crusades connect themselves with the history of the penitentiary system as the foreign policy of the Church, they belong to that clerical purification and direction of feudal society and its instincts, which appears in the institution of Gods Truce and in chivalry itself. The penitentiary system, according to which the priest enforced a code of moral law in the confessional by the sanction 1 Fulcher of Chartres, I, i. For what follows, with regard to the Churchs conversion of guerra into the Holy War, cf. especially the passage- Procedant contrainfideles ad pugnam iam incipi dignam . . . qui abusive privatum cerramen contra fideles consuescebant distendere quondam. 4 The Sig ificautce of the Crusades of penancepenance which must be performed as a condition of admission to the sacrament of the Eucharist-had been from early times a great instrument in the civilization of the raw Germanic races. Penance might consist in fasting it might consist in flagellation it might consist in pilgrimage. The penitentiary pilgrimage, which seems to have been practised as early as A. D. 700, was twice blessed not only was it an act of atonement in itself, like fasting and flagellation it aIso gained for the pilgrim the merit of having stood on holy ground. Under the influence of the Cluniac revival, which began in the tenth century, pilgrimages became increasingly frequent and the goal of pilgrimage was often Jerusalem. Pilgrims who were travelling to Jerusalem joined themselves in companies for security, and marched under arms the pilgrims of 1064, who were headed by the archbishop of Mainz, numbered some 7,000 men...

Some of the topics: The System of Classes, General Relation of Society and State, Parliament and its Relation to the Cabinet, the Monarchy, English System of Law, Religion and the Churches in Britain, Education, Press and Broadcasting, the Arts, Sports, Various Forms of Public Social Service.

Oliver Cromwell and the English People by Ernest Barker was first published as part of the Cambridge Miscellany series in 1937. It contains the text of a lecture delivered by the author before the Friedrich Sthamer-Gesellschaft in Hamburg in 1936. It is printed together with notes and an epilogue on 'The English Puritan Revolution and the German National Socialist Revolution'.

This 1948 collection contains eight essays by Sir Ernest Barker. All but one of these essays appeared for the first time in this volume. As to the title, Johnson defined 'civility' as 'the state of being civilised', and the title itself, Traditions of Civility, is quoted from Coventry Patmore, who uses the word in Johnson's sense. The book may be described as a series of individual studies in the history of culture and civilisation. The first five essays are united by the common theme of the legacy of Greece. The last three essays are independent; but the theme of tradition and the keynote of continuity are common to all.

The Politics is one of the most influential texts in the history of political thought, and it raises issues which still confront anyone who wants to think seriously about the ways in which human societies are organized and governed. The work of one of the world's greatest philosophers, it draws on Aristotle's own great knowledge of the political and constitutional affairs of the Greek cities. By examining the way societies are run - from households to city states - Aristotle establishes how successful constitutions can best be initiated and upheld. For this edition Sir Ernest Barker's fine translation, which has been widely used for nearly half a century, has been extensively revised to meet the needs of the modern reader. The accessible introduction and clear notes by R F Stalley examine the historical and philosophical background of the work and discuss its significance for modern political thought. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.

With his special forces training completed, Sergeant Roland Barker was allocated to Operation Arundel as its radio operator. Led by Captain Martin Smith MC, he was parachuted into the Dolomites in 1944. The team’s brief was to cause havoc in the area around the Italian border and to infiltrate into Austria. Whilst attempting to evade German forces, Sergeant Barker and Major Bill Smallwood were navigating mountainous terrain when the Major fell injuring himself and thus was unable to move rapidly. Despite their best efforts, both Smallwood and Barker were subsequently captured by pursuing German troops who they were unable to outpace. Barker provides a vivid account of being ‘interrogated’ by the SS and Gestapo and despite the threats and the terrible conditions, the true nature of their mission was never revealed to the enemy. Having survived these experiences, he was incarcerated in Stalag Luft XVIII in Southern Austria. Ever defiant, Barker escaped by having himself admitted to the camp hospital and made his way into Hungary, from where, as this account of his wartime service reveals, he was eventually repatriated to the UK. After the war Barker opted to remain in the Army, at which point he took a commission. Promoted to Major, Barker became the Officer Commanding 22 SAS in Malaya. He was killed in a helicopter crash in Malaya in 1953, before he could see through his plan to have his memoir published.