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This framework document provides a practical approach for designing
representative studies and developing uniform sampling guidelines
to support estimates of health outcomes that are explicitly linked
to exposure to land-based contaminants from ASGM activities.
Approximately 4.1 million people live in the three states of the
Yucatan Peninsula: Quintana Roo, Yucatan, and Campeche. Some 30
municipalities are in a coastal territory of almost 2,000 linear
kilometers, spanning the oil fields of the Gulf of Mexico to the
world-renowned beaches of Cancan, just north of the second-largest
barrier reef in the world. The peninsula's natural assets also
include notable Mayan temples. With poverty far from eliminated,
and economic development opportunities beckoning in agriculture,
manufacturing, and hydrocarbon development, the region faces
growing risks from environmental hazards. Oil spills, hurricanes,
coral bleaching, extreme flooding, and erosion have all been
experienced over the past decade. Based on preliminary
identification of environmental priorities, this report explores
selected topics that aim to inform decision-making in the region. A
general context of integrated coastal zone management is used to
explore issues, constraints, and potential solutions. The role of
geomorphology is examined with a view to identifying how shore
management plans can contribute to improved coastal management.
Economic studies find that the main environmental health risks in
the peninsula result in more than 1,000 premature deaths every year
and in more than 9.36 million days lost to illnesses. These risks
generate substantial economic losses, representing 2.2-3.3 percent
of gross regional income. Scenarios relating to the economic cost
of extreme weather events generate similar levels of damages:
1.4-1.5 percent of GDP in 2020 and 1.6-2.3 percent of GDP in 2050.
A social accounting matrix examines the social and environmental
interconnectedness to the various parts of the economy. An
institutional analysis considers the mandates of existing
institutions in the states, and of the potential role that
regulatory measures may contribute to environmentally sustainable
development without undermining economic growth prospects. The
report concludes with options for consideration in the years ahead.
The underlying goal of this book is to facilitate and stimulate
sharing of information on these phenomena, and to provide an
interdisciplinary framework for bringing about improved
environmental conditions in Sindh. It includes a methodology that
enables the identification of environmental and climate change
priority problems; the analysis of interventions to address such
problems; the establishment of a social learning mechanism to
continuously improve Sindh's responses and build resilience in the
face of climate variability and change; and opportunities for the
potential involvement of different stakeholder groups to decisively
tackle climate change and deteriorating environmental conditions.
Pakistan's development efforts are guided by its 2011 Framework for
Economic Growth, which identifies actions needed to create a
prosperous, industrialised Pakistan through rapid and sustainable
development. Industrialisation has the potential to drive
Pakistan's economic growth and contribute significantly to meeting
both economic and human development goals in Pakistan. Expansions
of industrialisation activities, whether in highly developed or
developing countries, can be stimuli for intense debate about such
projects' benefits and costs to the region in which they are to be
located, to the national economy - and to human health and the
environment. Pakistan's 2011 Framework for Economic Growth
recognises that, to accelerate industrialisation, Pakistan must
reduce the cost of doing business and create an incentive structure
designed to achieve a competitive, dynamic, and export-driven
industrial sector capable of providing employment to the growing
labour force. Competing in global markets requires a socially and
environmentally sustainable industrialisation strategy. The four
main inputs for sustainable industrial growth in Pakistan discussed
in this book are: (i) Macroeconomic stability and sectoral policies
to support industrial competitiveness by allowing long-term
planning, including investments in infrastructure and cleaner
production; (ii) Upgraded trade facilitation and infrastructure
(particularly transport and energy) to address some of
industrialisation's spatial aspects. Improved transport
infrastructure will lower production's environmental costs; (iii)
Greening of Pakistan's industrial sector to enhance international
competitiveness - 'greening' will make Pakistan a more attractive
export partner for nations and firms committed to green production;
(iv) Strong institutions - for example, environmental management
agencies to control pollution, and cleaner production centers to
increase domestic awareness of international environmental
standards- to implement industrialisation initiatives effectively,
including those for small and medium-sized enterprises.This book
provides a comprehensive analysis of issues relating to the debate
about Pakistan's green industrial growth and lays out priorities
and strategies for 'greening' Pakistan's industrial growth.
Greening Growth in Pakistan through Transport Sector Reforms: A
Strategic Environmental, Poverty, and Social Assessment identifies
reforms that can help Pakistan manage its environmental priorities
given transport s impacts on air quality, noise pollution, road
safety, hazardous-materials transport, climate change, and urban
sprawl. The policy options are contextualized in light of the
government of Pakistan s 2011 Framework for Economic Growth and its
strategic objectives. This analytical work examines the poverty,
social, and environmental aspects associated with reforms that
would increase the freight transport sector s productivity to meet
the Framework s goals. It focuses on the following areas: Analyzing
the policy and institutional adjustments required to address the
environmental, social, and poverty aspects of increased
transportation efficiency in Pakistan Identifying policy options
for the government of Pakistan to better serve the population, to
enhance social cohesion, and to foster equitable benefit sharing
with low-income or other vulnerable groups Developing a broad
participatory process to give a voice to stakeholders who could be
affected by enhancements of freight transport productivity Making
robust recommendations to strengthen governance and the
institutional capacity of agencies to manage the environmental,
social, and poverty consequences of freight transportation
infrastructure The book also presents information on the economic
and institutional analyses undergirding this report and details its
methodology. Greening Growth in Pakistan through Transport Sector
Reforms is intended for policy makers, civil society, the private
sector, and academics who wish to participate in dialogues on
Pakistan s trade and transport sectors priorities. It is hoped that
this report will stimulate debate that steers these sectors and
their participants in the direction of greening economic growth."
The extent of urban air pollution in Pakistan - South Asia's most
urbanised country - is among the world's most severe, significantly
damaging human health, quality of life, and the economy and
environment of Pakistan. The harm from Pakistan's urban air
pollution is among the highest in South Asia, exceeding several
high-profile causes of mortality and morbidity in Pakistan.
Improved air quality management (AQM) in Pakistan can have notable
economic and health benefits. For example, the estimated health
benefits per dollar spent on cleaner diesel are approximately US
$1-1.5 for light-duty diesel vehicles and US $1.5-2.4 for large
buses and trucks. This report advocates that Pakistan allocate
resources to AQM, because its air quality is severely affecting
millions of Pakistanis, and because experiences around the world
indicate that interventions can significantly improve air quality.
This report details a broad spectrum of research on Pakistan's AQM
challenges, and identifies a comprehensive set of steps to improve
air quality. The research presented here underpins the conclusions
that addressing Pakistan's urban air pollution requires coordinated
interventions to strengthen AQM, build agencies' institutional
capacity, bolster AQM's legal and regulatory framework, implement
policy reforms and investments, and fill knowledge gaps. However,
Pakistan's policy makers face major obstacles, including limited
financial, human, and technical resources, and can pursue only a
few AQM interventions at the same time. In the short term,
Pakistan's AQM should give highest priority to reducing pollutants
linked to high morbidity and mortality: PM2.5 (and precursors like
SOx and NOx) from mobile sources. A second-level short-term
priority could be PM2.5, SOx, and emissions of toxic metals from
stationary sources. An important medium-term priority should be
mass transportation in major cities, controlling traffic, and
restricting private cars during high-pollution episodes. A
long-term priority could be taxing hydrocarbons, based on their
contribution to greenhouse gases.
Environmentally and socially sustainable policies are essential for
good governance. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is the
key tool for integrating environmental considerations into
policies, programs and plans. This book focuses on SEA applied to
policies. Through lessons learned from previous use of SEA on
policies, it draws lessons on the strengths and weaknesses of
current SEA methodology. It then goes on to analyze how policies
are formulated and implemented and proposes a new conceptual
framework for conducting SEA of policies thatpotentially could be
more useful in influencing decision makers to integrate
environmental sustainability considerations into policy formulation
and implementation.
'Environmental Priorities and Poverty Reduction: A Country
Environmental Analysis for Colombia' proposes cost-effective policy
and technical interventions aimed at abating the cost of
environmental degradation and supporting more equitable and
sustainable economic growth. Environmental degradation is
associated with increased morbidity and mortality and decreased
productivity. Urban and indoor air pollution; inadequate water
supply, sanitation, and hygiene; natural disasters (mainly floods
and landslides); and land degradation are the environmental
problems associated with the highest social and economic costs,
falling most heavily on vulnerable people, especially poor children
under five years old. 'Environmental Priorities and Poverty
Reduction' begins by exploring institutional change and
environmental priorities in Colombia over the past 50 years, a time
of substantial progress in environmental protection and rapid
transition from a largely rural to a highly urbanized economy. Part
II assesses the burden of disease rooted in inadequate water
supply, sanitation, and hygiene; poor air quality; and natural
disasters; and the environmental management practices to reduce
that burden. A discussion of the environmental costs of rapid and
unplanned urbanization is also included. Part III assesses the
sustainable management of Colombia's rich endowment of natural
resources. This book provides a wealth of information for policy
decision-makers, government officials, and other professionals
working in environmental policy and management, poverty reduction
strategies, public health, environmental economics, and civil
society issues.
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