This volume provides insights on how recruitment patterns develop for two related types of criminal networks: organized crime and terrorism. It specifically explores the social, situational, psychological, and economic drivers of recruitment. Although organized crime networks and terrorism networks can differ in underlying goals and motivations, this volume demonstrates common drivers in their recruitment, which will provide insights for crime prevention and intervention. The goal of the book is to explore the current knowledge about these common drivers, as well as highlight emerging research, to identify and prioritize a research agenda for scholars, as well as policymakers. The research presented in this work aims to fill existing gaps in the knowledge of recruitment to both organized crime and terrorism. For each area, it provides a systematic review of the existing research on social, psychological, and economic drivers of recruitment. It then presents findings from independent original research aimed to explore new ground not covered in these previous studies. The contributions to this volume were the result of a research project funded by a European Union Horizon 2020 grant, and present a diverse, international mix of expertise and cases. It will be of interest to researchers in criminology and criminal justice, as well as related fields such as sociology, psychology, and international relations. Chapter 13 of this book is available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license.

This volume provides insights on how recruitment patterns develop for two related types of criminal networks: organized crime and terrorism. It specifically explores the social, situational, psychological, and economic drivers of recruitment. Although organized crime networks and terrorism networks can differ in underlying goals and motivations, this volume demonstrates common drivers in their recruitment, which will provide insights for crime prevention and intervention. The goal of the book is to explore the current knowledge about these common drivers, as well as highlight emerging research, to identify and prioritize a research agenda for scholars, as well as policymakers. The research presented in this work aims to fill existing gaps in the knowledge of recruitment to both organized crime and terrorism. For each area, it provides a systematic review of the existing research on social, psychological, and economic drivers of recruitment. It then presents findings from independent original research aimed to explore new ground not covered in these previous studies. The contributions to this volume were the result of a research project funded by a European Union Horizon 2020 grant, and present a diverse, international mix of expertise and cases. It will be of interest to researchers in criminology and criminal justice, as well as related fields such as sociology, psychology, and international relations. Chapter 13 of this book is available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license.

This volume brings together a series of original contributions made by international experts dedicated to guiding efforts in preventing crime. The collection is divided into seven sections that cover cutting edge approaches to crime prevention: 1) the offenders' perspective on crime prevention 2) crime script analysis 3) crime mapping and spatial analysis 4) social network analysis 5) agent-based modelling 6) crime-proofing legislations 7) technologies of crime prevention Each section includes one theoretical chapter to introduce the research approach followed by a series of empirical/applied contributions. The theoretical chapter aims to introduce and explain the approach of interest and discusses under which circumstances this strategy could best assist crime prevention. The objective of empirical/applied contributions is simply to showcase how these approaches can be apply. This collection can be seen as the end result of the convergence of novel ideas and analytical skills in the area of crime and crime prevention worldwide. It will be of interest to researchers in Criminology and Criminal Justice, as well as related fields like Sociology and Psychology, Security, Urban Planning, and Public Policy.

This comprehensive volume analyzes dual markets for regulated substances and services, and aims to provide a framework for their effective regulation. A "dual market" refers to the existence of both a legal and an illegal market for a regulated product or service (for example, prescription drugs). These regulations exist in various countries for a mix of public health, historical, political and cultural reasons. Allowing the legal market to thrive, while trying to eliminate the illegal market, provides a unique challenge for governments and law enforcement. Broken down into nine main sections, the book studies comparative international policies for regulating these "dual markets" from a historical, legal, and cultural perspective. It includes an analysis of the markets for psychoactive substances that are illegal in most countries (such as marijuana, cocaine, opiods and amphetimines), psychoactive substances which are legal in most countries and where consumption is widespread (such as alcohol and tobacco), and services that are generally regulated or illegal (such as sports betting, the sex trade, and gambling). For each of these nine types of markets, contributions focus on the relationship between regulation, the emerging illegal market, and the resulting overall access to these services. This work aims to provide a comprehensive framework from a historical, cultural, and comparative international perspective. It will be of interest to researchers in criminology and criminal justice, particularly with an interest in organized crime, as well as related fields such as sociology, public policy, international relations, and public health.

This volume brings together a series of original contributions made by international experts dedicated to guiding efforts in preventing crime. The collection is divided into seven sections that cover cutting edge approaches to crime prevention: 1) the offenders' perspective on crime prevention 2) crime script analysis 3) crime mapping and spatial analysis 4) social network analysis 5) agent-based modelling 6) crime-proofing legislations 7) technologies of crime prevention Each section includes one theoretical chapter to introduce the research approach followed by a series of empirical/applied contributions. The theoretical chapter aims to introduce and explain the approach of interest and discusses under which circumstances this strategy could best assist crime prevention. The objective of empirical/applied contributions is simply to showcase how these approaches can be apply. This collection can be seen as the end result of the convergence of novel ideas and analytical skills in the area of crime and crime prevention worldwide. It will be of interest to researchers in Criminology and Criminal Justice, as well as related fields like Sociology and Psychology, Security, Urban Planning, and Public Policy.

Guido Rossi As Chairman of ISPAC, I want to thank all the contributors to this book that originates from the International Conference on Crime and Technology. This could be the end of my presentation if I did not feel uneasy not considering one of the problems I believe to be pivotal in the relationship between crime and technology. I shall also consider that the same relationship exists between terror and globalization, while globalization is stemming from technology and terror from crime. Transnational terrorism is today made possible by the vast array of communication tools. But the paradox is that if globalization facilitates terrorist violence, the fight against this war without borders is potentially disastrous for both economic development and globalization. Antiterrorist measures restrict mobility and financial flows, while new terrorist attacks could lead the way for an antiglobalist reaction. But the global society has yet to agree on a common definition of terrorism or on a common policy against it. The ordinary traditional criminal law is still depending on the sovereignty of national states, while international criminal justice is only a spotty and contested last resort. The fragmented and weak international institutions and underdeveloped civil societies have no power to enforce criminal justice against t- rorism. At the same time, the states that are its targets have no interest in applying the laws of war (the Geneva Conventions) to their fight against terrorists.

The trafficking of human beings is a major worldwide problem. This book addresses the need for a system that provides the same set of quantitative and qualitative data to help develop a comprehensive counter-strategy. It analyzes various definitions as well as the complexity of phenomena that impair the collection and comparability of data. Coverage also examines different approaches with the aim of coming to an effective monitoring system.

The trafficking of human beings is a major worldwide problem. This book addresses the need for a system that provides the same set of quantitative and qualitative data to help develop a comprehensive counter-strategy. It analyzes various definitions as well as the complexity of phenomena that impair the collection and comparability of data. Coverage also examines different approaches with the aim of coming to an effective monitoring system.

Drug problems present sharp challenges for policing and democracy in the European Union. Across Europe, there has been a 'harmonisation' of tougher anti-trafficking measures (exceptional legal powers, more intrusive policing methods, cooperation on intelligence). Yet there is diversity in national and city-level policies on drug users (often stressing social integration rather than punishment). These hard/soft policies towards traffickers/users collide at 'open drug scenes', invoking disparate and often volatile responses. The collection presents vivid experiences of drug policy-making at city, regional, national and Union levels. It goes on to examine future prospects for drug control within the EU, in confederal and intergovernmental contexts, following the Union's 1996 Conference. Finally, international dimensions are examined. Action against money laundering is both commended and criticised. EU policies on trade, development and drug control in the Andean region are examined, together with the somewhat mixed prospects for drug enforcement in the context of EU enlargement.

This book focuses on the displacement and convergence of transnational crimes in North Africa and in the area of the Mediterranean Sea, providing empirical analysis of human smuggling and of drug trafficking. It discusses the displacement of crime due to the exploitation of asymmetries in legislation, law enforcement, and other vulnerabilities. Using an innovative multimethodology, this volume describes the evolution of illicit flows related to human smuggling and trafficking of illicit goods. This approach helps to provide critical information such as traffickers' modi operandi, most exploited paths, and trafficked goods, that would not be achievable through more traditional methods. The Evolution of Illicit Flows will be a valuable resource for scholars and researchers of criminology and migration studies, as well as for policymakers and law enforcement working in transnational crimes and trafficking.

This book focuses on the displacement and convergence of transnational crimes in North Africa and in the area of the Mediterranean Sea, providing empirical analysis of human smuggling and of drug trafficking. It discusses the displacement of crime due to the exploitation of asymmetries in legislation, law enforcement, and other vulnerabilities. Using an innovative multimethodology, this volume describes the evolution of illicit flows related to human smuggling and trafficking of illicit goods. This approach helps to provide critical information such as traffickers’ modi operandi, most exploited paths, and trafficked goods, that would not be achievable through more traditional methods. The Evolution of Illicit Flows will be a valuable resource for scholars and researchers of criminology and migration studies, as well as for policymakers and law enforcement working in transnational crimes and trafficking.

This book contains part of the revised papers presented at the ISPAC International Conference on Crime and Technology held in Courmayeur on November 2003. It presents a multidisciplinary approach to an emerging topic and addresses two main questions: "How do crime and criminals change because of technology?" and "What are the challenges offered that could make the fight against cyber criminals more effective and reduce the opportunities for computer crimes and computer-related crimes?"

The authors are well-known policymakers, practitioners and researchers. In their interpretations and answers to the questions posed they focus either on general issues or on details that shed light on the relationships between crime and technology. The challenge remains on the capability of legislation, law enforcement and research to take the best from technology and use it to combat crime and at the same time to oppose the use of technology by criminals in committing their crimes. This process needs flexibility in legislation, better training in law enforcement and good quality research oriented to help policy solutions and, finally, a good partnership between public authorities, law enforcement, private authorities and consumers associations.

This book is of interest to academics and to personnel working in international organizations or in law enforcement areas.

Ernesto U. Savona is Professor of Criminology at UniversitA Cattolica in Milan, Director of TRANSCRIME (Joint Research Centre on Transnational Crime) UniversitA di Trento/ Universita Cattolica. President of the European Society of Criminology (2003/2004) and Editor of the European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. Author ofbooks and articles on changes in crime and their implications for criminal policies he is the co-ordinator of two research projects (MARC and IKOC) under the sixth Framework Programme of the European Commission.