This is a lucid and factual exposition thoroughly documented and supported by references to official publications. The introduction by Fraenkel is an exposition of the labor courts in the German judicial system. The body of the study presents the historical development of labor law up to 1927, an analysis of the system as it operated from then until 1933, and an account of the changes occurring under national socialism.
Originally published in 1946.
A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.

The Dual State, first published in 1941, remains one of the most erudite books on the logic of dictatorship. It was the first comprehensive analysis of the rise and nature of National Socialism and the only such analysis written from within Hitler's Germany. Ernst Fraenkel's courageous ethnography of law was widely acclaimed upon publication, and it has influenced considerably postwar debates about the nature of the Third Reich. But The Dual State also has relevance for the study of dictatorship in the twenty-first century. Fraenkel's innovative concept of the dual state, with its two halvesthe normative state (which generally respects its own laws and regulations) and the prerogative state (which violates them wantonly) illuminates powerfully the complicated relationship between law and order in many countries around the world. It speaks directly to the idea of an authoritarian rule of law. This republication of Fraenkel's classic makes it once again available to scholars and students in law, the social sciences, and the humanities. It includes Fraenkel's 1974 preface to and two appendices from the first German editionnever before published in English. An extensive introduction by Jens Meierhenrich places Fraenkel's ethnography of law in historical and theoretical context.

Die vorliegende Arbeit setzt sich nicht die Aufgabe, die groGe Zahl wissen- schaftlicher Untersuchungen des amerikanischen Regierungssystems, die das Ziel verfolgen, amerikanische Leser mit dem ProzeG der politischen Willens- bildung in den USA vertraut zu machen, urn eine weitere zu vermehren. Det Verfasser ist vielmehr bemtiht, deutschen Lesern den Zugang zu der Frage zu eroffnen, wie in Amerika regiert wird. Er mochte seine Leser nicht davon abhalten, sich an Hand des amerikanischen Schrifttums Kenntnisse tiber die USA anzueignen; er mochte sie im Gegenteil hierzu ermuntern, ihnen dieses Studium erleichtern und ihnen die zahllosen Umwege und Abwege ersparen, die fast unvermeidlich sind, wenn ein nichtamerikanischer Leser sich ohne Einftihrung und Anleitung der Lekttire dieser Werke widmet. Es liegt auf der Hand, daG die groGenteils hervorragenden Studien ameri- kanischer Autoren tiber das amerikanische Regierungssystem, denen die deutsche Politikwissenschaft bei Erforschung des deutschen Regierungs- systems nichts auch nur annahernd gleichwertiges an die Seite zu stellen hat, stillschweigend von V oraussetzungen ausgehen, die einen spezifisch amerika- nischen Charakter tragen. Ihr vertieftes Verstandnis ist ohne Kenntnis dieser V oraussetzungen nicht moglich. Ebenso offenkundig ist aber auch, daG deutsche Leser, denen diese Voraussetzungen im allgemeinen abgehen dlirften, mit V orstellungen an die Lekttire dieses Schrifttums herantreten, die spezifisch deutschen Charakter tragen. Sie werden daher immer und stets von neuem versucht sein, die Grundbegriffe des deutschen Regierungs- systems in die grundlegenden Begriffe und V orstellungen des amerikanischen Regierungssystems hinein zu projizieren.

Die Aufgabe, eine Vorstellung des Bildes zu vermitteln, das in Deutschland seit Begrundung der Vereinigten Staaten von diesem Lande bestanden hat, kann auf zweifache Weise in Angriff genommen werden. Es ist einmal moglich, unter Ver arbeitung des Quellenmaterials eine geschlossene Darstellung der Entwicklung auf zuzeichnen, die das deutsche politische Denken uber die USA bestimmt hat, und gleichzeitig der Frage nachzugehen, ob und welchen Einfluss die amerikanischen Einrichtungen und Vorgange auf die deutsche Politik ausgeubt haben. Es ist aber auch moglich, zwecks Klarung dieser Probleme den Hauptnachdruck auf die Quellen zu legen und in Form einer ausgedehnten Einleitung die Zusammenhange aufzuzeigen, deren Kenntnis unerlasslich ist, um die zum Abdruck gebrachten Quellen in ihrer historischen und politischen Bedeutung voll begreifen zu konnen. Wenn im folgenden der letztere Weg gewahlt wurde, war hierfur vor allem die Erwagung entscheidend, dass der Forderung des wechselseitigen Verstand nisses zwischen den beiden Nationen und der Beseitigung der nur allzu zahl reichen Missverstandnisse zwischen ihnen am besten gedient ist, wenn eine Reihe von deutschen Autoren selber zu Wort kommt, die sich uber amerikanische politische, gesellschaftliche, staatsrechtliche und wirtschaftliche Probleme ge aussert haben und von denen angenommen werden darf, dass sie auf das deutsche Denken uber die USA einen nicht nur vorubergehenden Einfluss ausgeubt haben. Der Verfasser war bestrebt, Vertreter verschiedenartiger geistiger und politischer Stromungen zu Worte kommen zu lassen, um dem Leser den geistigen Zugang zu Auseinandersetzungen zu ermoglichen, die sich als so bedeutsam fur das deutsche Schicksal erwiesen haben."

This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This IS NOT an OCR'd book with strange characters, introduced typographical errors, and jumbled words. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.

An Unsparing Analysis of the Legal Principles and Constitutional Developments of the Third Reich This classic study is widely considered one of the finest analyses of totalitarianism. It was written in Germany in the late 1930s and completed in the United States in 1940, where Fraenkel lived after fleeing the Nazis in 1938. The title derives from Fraenkel's thesis that National Socialism divided the law into two co-existing areas. The first of these, The Normative State, protects the legal order as expressed in statutes, decisions of courts and the activities of administrative agencies. Its counterpart is the Prerogative State, which is governed by the party. It exercised "unlimited arbitrariness and violence unchecked by any legal guarantees" (xiii). As a detailed record of what has happened to the Rechtstaat under totalitarian auspices, this book is without rival.--Fritz Morstein Marx, Harvard Law Review 54 (1940-1941), 1267 Several scholars have published authoritative descriptions of the German political and legal system. Fraenkel's book differs from its predecessors in so far as it represents, to the reviewer, the first attempt to provide a theoretical analysis of the German legal order. --Otto Kirchheimer, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 56, No. 3 (Sep., 1941), 434-436 Ernst Fraenkel 1898-1975], the renowned political scientist, is widely considered the father of the theory of pluralism in Germany. He served in the German Army during the First World War from 1914 to 1918, worked as a labor lawyer with the left-wing political activist Franz Leopold Neumann, and as a Social Democrat and a Jew, fled Germany to the United Kingdom in 1938, and then to the United States in 1939. It is said that the manuscript of this book traveled ahead as contraband. He served as legal counsel to Korea before returning to Germany in 1951. In 1963 he founded The John F. Kennedy Institute in Berlin. CONTENTS Preface Introduction PART I THE LEGAL SYSTEM OF THE DUAL STATE CH. I. The Prerogative State CH. II. The Limits of the Prerogative State CH. III. The Normative State PART II THE LEGAL THEORY OF THE DUAL STATE CH. I. The Repudiation of Rational Natural Law by National-Socialism CH. II. The National-Socialist Campaign Against Natural Law CH. III. National-Socialism and Communal Natural Law PART III THE LEGAL REALITY OF THE DUAL STATE CH. I. The Legal History of the Dual State CH. II. The Economic Background of the Dual State CH. III. The Sociology of the Dual State Abbreviations Notes Appendix Table of Cases Index

An Unsparing Analysis of the Legal Principles and Constitutional Developments of the Third Reich This classic study is widely considered one of the finest analyses of totalitarianism. It was written in Germany in the late 1930s and completed in the United States in 1940, where Fraenkel lived after fleeing the Nazis in 1938. The title derives from Fraenkel's thesis that National Socialism divided the law into two co-existing areas. The first of these, The Normative State, protects the legal order as expressed in statutes, decisions of courts and the activities of administrative agencies. Its counterpart is the Prerogative State, which is governed by the party. It exercised "unlimited arbitrariness and violence unchecked by any legal guarantees" (xiii). As a detailed record of what has happened to the Rechtstaat under totalitarian auspices, this book is without rival.--Fritz Morstein Marx, Harvard Law Review 54 (1940-1941), 1267 Several scholars have published authoritative descriptions of the German political and legal system. Fraenkel's book differs from its predecessors in so far as it represents, to the reviewer, the first attempt to provide a theoretical analysis of the German legal order.--Otto Kirchheimer, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 56, No. 3 (Sep., 1941), 434-436 Ernst Fraenkel 1898-1975], the renowned political scientist, is widely considered the father of the theory of pluralism in Germany. He served in the German Army during the First World War from 1914 to 1918, worked as a labor lawyer with the left-wing political activist Franz Leopold Neumann, and as a Social Democrat and a Jew, fled Germany to the United Kingdom in 1938, and then to the United States in 1939. It is said that the manuscript of this book traveled ahead as contraband. He served as legal counsel to Korea before returning to Germany in 1951. In 1963 he founded The John F. Kennedy Institute in Berlin. CONTENTS Preface Introduction PART I THE LEGAL SYSTEM OF THE DUAL STATE CH. I. The Prerogative State CH. II. The Limits of the Prerogative State CH. III. The Normative State PART II THE LEGAL THEORY OF THE DUAL STATE CH. I. The Repudiation of Rational Natural Law by National-Socialism CH. II. The National-Socialist Campaign Against Natural Law CH. III. National-Socialism and Communal Natural Law PART III THE LEGAL REALITY OF THE DUAL STATE CH. I. The Legal History of the Dual State CH. II. The Economic Background of the Dual State CH. III. The Sociology of the Dual State Abbreviations Notes Appendix Table of Cases Index

This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This IS NOT an OCR'd book with strange characters, introduced typographical errors, and jumbled words. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.