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The modern research university originated in Europe in the second
half of the nineteenth century, largely due to the creation and
expansion of the teaching and research laboratory. The universities
and the sciences underwent a laboratory revolution that
fundamentally changed the nature of both. This revolutionary
development began in chemistry, where Justus Liebig is credited
with systematically employing his students in his ongoing research
during the 1830s. Later, this development spread to other fields,
including the social sciences and the humanities. The consequences
for the universities were colossal. The expansion of the
laboratories demanded extensive new building programs, reshaping
the outlook of the university. The social structure of the
university also diversified because of this laboratory expansion,
while what it meant to be a scientist changed dramatically. This
volume explores the spatial, social, and cultural dimensions of the
rise of the modern research laboratory within universities and
their consequent reshaping.
The editors wish to thank the European Science Foundation for its
support of the programme on the Evolution of Chemistry in Europe,
1789-1939, as well as for sponsoring the publication of this
volume. Through the subdivision of this initiative that deals
specifically with chemical industry it has been possible for
historians of science, technology, business and economics to share
often widely differing viewpoints and develop consensus across
disciplinary and cultural boundaries. The contents of this volume
are based on the third of three workshops that have considered the
emergence of the modern European chemical industry prior to 1939,
the first held in Liege (1994), the second in Maastricht (1995),
and the third in Strasbourg (1996). All contributors and
participants are thanked for their participation in often lively
and informative debates. The generous hospitality of the European
Science Foundation and its staff in Strasbourg is gratefully
acknowledged. Introduction Emerging chemical knowledge and the
development of chemical industry, and particularly the interaction
between them, offer rich fields of study for the historian. This is
reflected in the contents of the three workshops dealing with the
emergence of chemical industry held under the aegis of the European
Science Foundation's Evolution of Chemistry in Europe, 1789-1939,
programme. The first workshop focused mainly on science for
industry, 1789- 1850, and the second on the two-way traffic between
science and industry, 1850-1914. The third workshop, dealing with
the period 1900-1939, covers similar issues, but within different,
and wider, contexts.
The editors wish to thank the European Science Foundation for its
support of the programme on the Evolution of Chemistry in Europe,
1789-1939, as well as for sponsoring the publication of this
volume. Through the subdivision of this initiative that deals
specifically with chemical industry it has been possible for
historians of science, technology, business and economics to share
often widely differing viewpoints and develop consensus across
disciplinary and cultural boundaries. The contents of this volume
are based on the third of three workshops that have considered the
emergence of the modern European chemical industry prior to 1939,
the first held in Liege (1994), the second in Maastricht (1995),
and the third in Strasbourg (1996). All contributors and
participants are thanked for their participation in often lively
and informative debates. The generous hospitality of the European
Science Foundation and its staff in Strasbourg is gratefully
acknowledged. Introduction Emerging chemical knowledge and the
development of chemical industry, and particularly the interaction
between them, offer rich fields of study for the historian. This is
reflected in the contents of the three workshops dealing with the
emergence of chemical industry held under the aegis of the European
Science Foundation's Evolution of Chemistry in Europe, 1789-1939,
programme. The first workshop focused mainly on science for
industry, 1789- 1850, and the second on the two-way traffic between
science and industry, 1850-1914. The third workshop, dealing with
the period 1900-1939, covers similar issues, but within different,
and wider, contexts.
Although poisonous substances have been a hazard for the whole of
human history, it is only with the development and large-scale
production of new chemical substances over the last two centuries
that toxic, manmade pollutants have become such a varied and
widespread danger. Covering a host of both notorious and
little-known chemicals, the chapters in this collection investigate
the emergence of specific toxic, pathogenic, carcinogenic, and
ecologically harmful chemicals as well as the scientific, cultural
and legislative responses they have prompted. Each study situates
chemical hazards in a long-term and transnational framework and
demonstrates the importance of considering both the natural and the
social contexts in which their histories have unfolded.
Europe is the cradle of the modem international chemical industry.
From the middle of the nineteenth century until the outbreak of
World War I, the European chemical industry influenced not only the
production and control of science and technology, but also made
significant contributions towards economic development, as well as
bringing about profound changes in working and living enviromnents.
It is a highly complex heritage, both rich and threatening, that
calls for close scrutinity. Fortunately, a unique opportunity to
explore the historical development of the European chemical
industry from a variety of novel standpoints, was made possible
during 1993 as part of the European Science Foundation (ESF)
programme called 'The Evolution of Chemistry in Europe, 1789-1939.'
This process of exploration has taken place through three
workshops, each dealing with different time periods. The workshop
concerned with the period 1850-1914, which corresponds roughly to
the so-called Second Industrial Revolution, was held in Maastricht,
The Netherlands, on 23-25 March 1995. This volume is the outcome of
that workshop. The other workshops dealing with European chemical
industry were held in Liege in 1994, covering the First Industrial
Revolution period, 1789-1850, and Strasbourg in 1996, covering the
period between the two World Wars.
Although poisonous substances have been a hazard for the whole of
human history, it is only with the development and large-scale
production of new chemical substances over the last two centuries
that toxic, manmade pollutants have become such a varied and
widespread danger. Covering a host of both notorious and
little-known chemicals, the chapters in this collection investigate
the emergence of specific toxic, pathogenic, carcinogenic, and
ecologically harmful chemicals as well as the scientific, cultural
and legislative responses they have prompted. Each study situates
chemical hazards in a long-term and transnational framework and
demonstrates the importance of considering both the natural and the
social contexts in which their histories have unfolded.
Europe is the cradle of the modem international chemical industry.
From the middle of the nineteenth century until the outbreak of
World War I, the European chemical industry influenced not only the
production and control of science and technology, but also made
significant contributions towards economic development, as well as
bringing about profound changes in working and living enviromnents.
It is a highly complex heritage, both rich and threatening, that
calls for close scrutinity. Fortunately, a unique opportunity to
explore the historical development of the European chemical
industry from a variety of novel standpoints, was made possible
during 1993 as part of the European Science Foundation (ESF)
programme called 'The Evolution of Chemistry in Europe, 1789-1939.'
This process of exploration has taken place through three
workshops, each dealing with different time periods. The workshop
concerned with the period 1850-1914, which corresponds roughly to
the so-called Second Industrial Revolution, was held in Maastricht,
The Netherlands, on 23-25 March 1995. This volume is the outcome of
that workshop. The other workshops dealing with European chemical
industry were held in Liege in 1994, covering the First Industrial
Revolution period, 1789-1850, and Strasbourg in 1996, covering the
period between the two World Wars.
Ernest Solvay, philanthropist and organizer of the world-famous
Solvay conferences on physics, discovered a profitable way of
making soda ash in 1861. Together with a handful of associates, he
laid the foundations of the Solvay company, which successfully
branched out to other chemicals, plastics, and pharmaceuticals.
Since its emergence in 1863, Solvay has maintained world leadership
in the production of soda ash. This is the first scholarly book on
the history of the Solvay company, which was one of the earliest
chemical multinationals and today is among the world's twenty
largest chemical companies. It is also one of the largest companies
in the field to preserve its family character. The authors analyze
the company's 150-year history (1863 2013) from economic,
political, and social perspectives, showing the enormous impact
geopolitical events had on the company and the recent consequences
of global competition."
Ernest Solvay, philanthropist and organizer of the world-famous
Solvay conferences on physics, discovered a profitable way of
making soda ash in 1861. Together with a handful of associates, he
laid the foundations of the Solvay company, which successfully
branched out into other chemicals, plastics and pharmaceuticals.
Since its emergence in 1863, Solvay has maintained world leadership
in the production of soda ash. This is the first scholarly book on
the history of the Solvay company, which was one of the earliest
chemical multinationals and today is among the world's twenty
largest chemical companies. It is also one of the largest companies
in the field to preserve its family character. The authors analyze
the company's 150-year history (1863-2013) from economic, political
and social perspectives, showing the enormous impact geopolitical
events had on the company and the recent consequences of global
competition.
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