Biology was forged into a single, coherent science only within living memory. In this volume the thinkers responsible for the "modern synthesis" of evolutionary biology and genetics come together to analyze that remarkable event.

In a new Preface, Ernst Mayr calls attention to the fact that scientists in different biological disciplines varied considerably in their degree of acceptance of Darwin's theories. Mayr shows us that these differences were played out in four separate periods: 1859 to 1899, 1900 to 1915, 1916 to 1936, and 1937 to 1947. He thus enables us to understand fully why the synthesis was necessary and why Darwin's original theory that evolutionary change is due to the combination of variation and selection is as solid at the end of the twentieth century as it was in 1859.

This masterly and long-awaited work is a full exposition, synthesis, summation, and critical evaluation of the present state of man s knowledge about the nature of animal species and of the part they play in the processes of evolution. In a series of twenty chapters, Ernst Mayr presents a consecutive story, beginning with a description of evolutionary biology and ending with a discussion of man as a biological species. Calling attention to unsolved problems, and relating the evolutionary subject matter to appropriate material from other fields, such as physiology, genetics, and biochemistry, the author integrates and interprets existing data. Believing that an unequivocal stand is more likely to produce constructive criticism than evasion of an issue, he does not hesitate to choose that interpretation of a controversial matter which to him seems most consistent with the emerging picture of the evolutionary process. Between the terminal points mentioned above, Mr. Mayr pursues the narrative through discussions of species concepts and their application, morphological species characters and sibling species, biological properties of species, isolating mechanisms, hybridization, the variation and genetics of populations, storage and protection of genetic variation, the unity of the genotype, geographic variation, the polytypic species of the taxonomist, the population structure of species, kinds of species, multiplication of species, geographic speciation, the genetics of speciation, the ecology of speciation, and species and transpecific evolution. The volume provides a valuable glossary; and an inclusive bibliography greatly extends its range for those who wish to investigate special aspects of the material. "Animal Species and Evolution" is presented as a permanent entity. In accordance with the author s feeling that the acquisition of new knowledge will require a new statement, rather than an emendation of a previous one, no substantive revisions of this volume are planned for future printings. Because of the impossibility of experimenting with man, and because an understanding of man s biology is indispensable for safeguarding his future, emphasis throughout this book is placed on those findings from the higher animals which are directly applicable to man. In his final chapter on hominids and the various forms of "Homo," Mr. Mayr comes to the conclusion that, while modern man appears to be just as well adapted for survival purposes as were his ancestors, there is much evidence to suggest that he is threatened by the loss of his most typically human characteristics. It would be within his power to reverse this tendency.

This collection of revised and new essays argues that biology is an autonomous science rather than a branch of the physical sciences. Ernst Mayr, widely considered the most eminent evolutionary biologist of the 20th century, offers insights on the history of evolutionary thought, critiques the conditions of philosophy to the science of biology, and comments on several of the major developments in evolutionary theory. Notably, Mayr explains that Darwin's theory of evolution is actually five separate theories, each with its own history, trajectory and impact. Ernst Mayr, commonly referred to as the "Darwin of the 20th century" and listed as one of the top 100 scientists of all-time, is Professor Emeritus at Harvard University. What Makes Biology Unique is the 25th book he has written during his long and prolific career. His recent books include This is Biology: The Science of the Living World (Belknap Press, 1997) and What Evolution Is (Basic Books, 2002).

One ofthe most important aspects in research fields where mathematics is "applied is the construction of a formal model of a real system. As for structural relations, graphs have turned out to provide the most appropriate tool for setting up the mathematical model. This is certainly one of the reasons for the rapid expansion in graph theory during the last decades. Furthermore, in recent years it also became clear that the two disciplines of graph theory and computer science have very much in common, and that each one has been capable of assisting significantly in the development of the other. On one hand, graph theorists have found that many of their problems can be solved by the use of com puting techniques, and on the other hand, computer scientists have realized that many of their concepts, with which they have to deal, may be conveniently expressed in the lan guage of graph theory, and that standard results in graph theory are often very relevant to the solution of problems concerning them. As a consequence, a tremendous number of publications has appeared, dealing with graphtheoretical problems from a computational point of view or treating computational problems using graph theoretical concepts."

It is now generally recognized that the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species in 1859 not only decisively altered the basic concepts of biological theory but had a profound and lasting influence on social, philosophic, and religious thought. This work is rightly regarded as one of the most important books ever printed. The first edition had a freshness and uncompromising directness that were considerably weakened in subsequent editions. Nearly all reprints were based on the greatly modified sixth edition (1872), and the only modern reprint changes pagination, making references to the original very difficult. Clearly, there has been a need for a facsimile reprint. Professor Mayr's introduction has a threefold purpose: to list passages in the first edition that Darwin altered in later editions; to point out instances in which Darwin was clearly pioneering; and to call attention to neglected passages that show Darwin as a much deeper thinker than has been recognized. No one can fail to be impressed by the originality of Darwin's treatment and by the intellectual challenge his work presents even to the modern reader.

This collection of revised and new essays argues that biology is an autonomous science rather than a branch of the physical sciences. Ernst Mayr, widely considered the most eminent evolutionary biologist of the 20th century, offers insights on the history of evolutionary thought, critiques the conditions of philosophy to the science of biology, and comments on several of the major developments in evolutionary theory. Notably, Mayr explains that Darwin's theory of evolution is actually five separate theories, each with its own history, trajectory and impact. Ernst Mayr, commonly referred to as the "Darwin of the 20th century" and listed as one of the top 100 scientists of all-time, is Professor Emeritus at Harvard University. What Makes Biology Unique is the 25th book he has written during his long and prolific career. His recent books include This is Biology: The Science of the Living World (Belknap Press, 1997) and What Evolution Is (Basic Books, 2002).

Ernst Mayr is one of the principal architects of the 'neo-Darwinian synthesis', which has been the dominant perspective in 20th century evolutionary biology. Jared Diamond is one of the most wide-ranging minds in biology, and winner of the Pulitzer Prize for "Guns, Germs, and Steel". Mayr and Diamond decided in 1970 to collaborate on an authoritative monograph presenting their data and interpretations of the evolution of the birds of the Solomon and Bismark Islands. Mayr's numerous expeditions to do fieldwork in this area, beginning in 1929 and continuing through 1976, form the core of his scientific work. Diamond has made four expeditions to the region since 1970 to fill in gaps in the data.

"Ein einzigartiges Buch, das nur von einem Mann wie Ernst Mayr geschrieben werden konnte, der nicht nur einer der bedeutendsten Evolutionsbiologen dieses Jahrhunderts, sondern auch ein grosser Philosoph, Biologiehistoriker und aussergewohnlicher Schriftsteller ist. Kein anderes Buch erzahlt so klar und kritisch die Evolution der Ideen, die zur modernen Biologie fuhrten."
("Nobelpreistrager Francois Jacob")"

Die deutsche Ausgabe meiner Aufsatze begrli e ich mit besonderer Freude, da die Anfange meiner Gedankengange oft bis zu den Zei- ten zurlickreichen, als ich noch in Berlin am Zoologischen Museum der Universitat tatig war. Die Probleme, mit denen ich mich in die- ser Sammlung auseinandersetze, werden nicht nur in der wissen- schaftlichen, sondern auch in der philosophischen Literatur eifrigst erortert. Besonders wichtig fUr die Behandlung dieser Probleme ist das Auftauchen v611ig neuer Denkrichtungen in der modernen Evo- lutionsbiologie. In der Wissenschaftsphilosophie, und besonders bei den Positivisten, war die Uberzeugung weit verbreitet, alle Pro- bleme der Biologie konnten letzten Endes auf die Gesetze der Physik und Chemie zurlickgeflihrt werden. Wer widersprach, dem wurde vorgeworfen, Vitalist oder Mystiker zu sein. Da jedoch diese Auffassung der Positivisten falsch ist, wird in einigen meiner Aufsatze nachgewiesen. Bei der Zusammenstellung dieses Bandes habe ich mich von dem Prinzip leiten lassen, so1che Aufsatze zu wahlen, die sich mit neuen Entwicklungen in der Gedankenwelt der Biologen beschiifti- gen. Ais besonders wichtige Themen erschienen mir die Wirksam- keit der natUrlichen Auslese, der Populationsgedanke, das Prinzip der Teleonomie, die Rolle des genetischen Programms und andere gedankliche Entwicklungen der modernen Biologie, mit denen nicht nur Wissenschaftler und Philosophen, sondern auch jeder gebildete Laie vertraut sein soUte, denn ohne dieses Verstandnis ist eine moderne Weltanschauung eigentlich undenkbar. Oft wird, und leider zu Recht, auf die gedankliche Kluft zwi- schen Wissenschaftlern und Humanisten hingewiesen.

Additional Contributors Are Verne Grant, John Imbrie, Ernst Mayr, John A. Moore, C. Ladd Prosser, And T. M. Sonneborn. December 28-29, 1955.

Preface By Robert Cushman Murphy. Edited By Margaret B. Hickey.

Preface By Robert Cushman Murphy. Edited By Margaret B. Hickey.

At once a spirited defense of Darwinian explanations of biology and an elegant primer on evolution for the general reader, What Evolution Is poses the questions at the heart of evolutionary theory and considers how our improved understanding of evolution has affected the viewpoints and values of modern man. Science Masters Series

No one in this century can speak with greater authority on the progress of ideas in biology than Ernst Mayr. And no book has ever established the life sciences so firmly in the mainstream of Western intellectual history as The Growth of Biological Thought. Ten years in preparation, this is a work of epic proportions, tracing the development of the major problems of biology from the earliest attempts to find order in the diversity of life, to modern research into the mechanisms of gene transmission.

What we do and do not know about evolution, by one of the field's pioneering thinkers. Evolution is the most important idea in biology, with implications that go far beyond science. But despite more than a century's progress in understanding, there is still widespread confusion about what evolution is, how it works and why it is the only plausible mechanism that can account for the remarkable diversity of life on Earth. Now, for the first time in a book aimed at a general audience, one of the founding fathers of modern biology tells us what we know - and what we do not know - about evolution. In showing how evolution has gone from theory to fact, he explores various controversial fads and fallacies such as punctuated equilibrium, the selfish-gene theory and evolutionary psychology. He ends by looking at what we know about human evolution and how, in turn, this knowledge has affected the way in which we view ourselves and the world.

The diversity of living forms and the unity of evolutionary processes are themes that have permeated the research and writing of Ernst Mayr, a Grand Master of evolutionary biology. The essays collected here are among his most valuable and durable: contributions that form the basis for much of the contemporary understanding of evolutionary biology.

Ernst Mayr is perhaps the most distinguished biologist of the twentieth century, and "Systematics and the Origin of Species" may be one of his greatest and most influential books. This classic study, first published in 1942, helped to revolutionize evolutionary biology by offering a new approach to taxonomic principles and correlating the ideas and findings of modern systematics with those of other life science disciplines. This book is one of the foundational documents of the "Evolutionary Synthesis." It is the book in which Mayr pioneered his new concept of species based chiefly on such biological factors as interbreeding and reproductive isolation, taking into account ecology, geography, and life history. In his new introduction for this edition, Mayr reflects on the place of this enduring work in the subsequent history of his field.