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This book analyzes in four parts constitutional problems of foreign
trade policy and foreign trade law in "constitutional democracies"
which protect fundamental human rights and effective political
equality through constitutional restraints on the exercise of all
government powers.
This book analyzes in four parts constitutional problems of foreign
trade policy and foreign trade law in "constitutional democracies"
which protect fundamental human rights and effective political
equality through constitutional restraints on the exercise of all
government powers.
This is the first legal monograph analysing multilevel governance
of global 'aggregate public goods' (PGs) from the perspective of
democractic, republican and cosmopolitan constitutionalism by using
historical, legal, political and economic methods. It explains the
need for a 'new philosophy of international law' in order to
protect human rights and PGs more effectively and more
legitimately. 'Constitutional approaches' are justified by the
universal recognition of human rights and by the need to protect
'human rights', 'rule of law', 'democracy' and other 'principles of
justice' that are used in national, regional and UN legal systems
as indeterminate legal concepts. The study describes and criticizes
the legal methodology problems of 'disconnected' governance in UN,
GATT and WTO institutions as well as in certain areas of the
external relations of the EU (like transatlantic free trade
agreements). Based on 40 years of practical experiences of the
author in German, European, UN, GATT and WTO governance
institutions and of simultaneous academic teaching, this study
develops five propositions for constituting, limiting, regulating
and justifying multilevel governance for the benefit of citizens
and their constitutional rights as 'constituent powers',
'democratic principals' and main 'republican actors', who must hold
multilevel governance institutions and their limited 'constituted
powers' legally, democratically and judicially more accountable.
This is the first legal monograph analysing multilevel governance
of global 'aggregate public goods' (PGs) from the perspective of
democractic, republican and cosmopolitan constitutionalism by using
historical, legal, political and economic methods. It explains the
need for a 'new philosophy of international law' in order to
protect human rights and PGs more effectively and more
legitimately. 'Constitutional approaches' are justified by the
universal recognition of human rights and by the need to protect
'human rights', 'rule of law', 'democracy' and other 'principles of
justice' that are used in national, regional and UN legal systems
as indeterminate legal concepts. The study describes and criticizes
the legal methodology problems of 'disconnected' governance in UN,
GATT and WTO institutions as well as in certain areas of the
external relations of the EU (like transatlantic free trade
agreements). Based on 40 years of practical experiences of the
author in German, European, UN, GATT and WTO governance
institutions and of simultaneous academic teaching, this study
develops five propositions for constituting, limiting, regulating
and justifying multilevel governance for the benefit of citizens
and their constitutional rights as 'constituent powers',
'democratic principals' and main 'republican actors', who must hold
multilevel governance institutions and their limited 'constituted
powers' legally, democratically and judicially more accountable.
The state-centred 'Westphalian model' of international law has
failed to protect human rights and other international public goods
effectively. Most international trade, financial and environmental
agreements do not even refer to human rights, consumer welfare,
democratic citizen participation and transnational rule of law for
the benefit of citizens. This book argues that these 'multilevel
governance failures' are largely due to inadequate regulation of
the 'collective action problems' in the supply of international
public goods, such as inadequate legal, judicial and democratic
accountability of governments vis-a-vis citizens. Rather than
treating citizens as mere objects of intergovernmental economic and
environmental regulation and leaving multilevel governance of
international public goods to discretionary 'foreign policy', human
rights and constitutional democracy call for 'civilizing' and
'constitutionalizing' international economic and environmental
cooperation by stronger legal and judicial protection of citizens
and their constitutional rights in international economic law.
Moreover intergovernmental regulation of transnational cooperation
among citizens must be justified by 'principles of justice' and
'multilevel constitutional restraints' protecting rights of
citizens and their 'public reason'. The reality of 'constitutional
pluralism' requires respecting legitimately diverse conceptions of
human rights and democratic constitutionalism. The obvious failures
in the governance of interrelated trading, financial and
environmental systems must be restrained by cosmopolitan,
constitutional conceptions of international law protecting the
transnational rule of law and participatory democracy for the
benefit of citizens.
This is a book about the ever more complex legal networks of
transnational economic governance structures and their legitimacy
problems. It takes up the challenge of the editors' earlier
pioneering works which have called for more cross-sectoral and
interdisciplinary analyses by scholars of international law,
European and international economic law, conflict of laws,
international relations theory and social philosophy to examine the
interdependences of multilevel governance in transnational
economic, social, environmental and legal relations. Two
complementary strands of theorising are expounded. One argues that
globalisation and the universal recognition of human rights are
transforming the intergovernmental 'society of states' into a
cosmopolitan community of citizens which requires more effective
constitutional safeguards for protecting human rights and consumer
welfare in the national and international governance and legal
regulation of international trade. The second emphasises the
dependence of the functioning of international markets and liberal
trade on governance arrangements that respond credibly to safety
and environmental concerns of consumers, traders, political and
non-governmental actors. Enquiries into the generation of
international standards and empirical analyses of legalisation and
judicialisation practices form part of this agenda. The
perspectives and conclusions of the more than 20 contributors from
Europe and North-America cannot be uniform. But they converge in
their search for a constitutional architecture which limits,
empowers and legitimises multilevel trade governance, as well as in
their common premise that respect for human rights, private and
democratic self-government and social justice require more
transparent, participatory and deliberative forms of transnational
'cosmopolitan democracy'. This second paperback edition replaces
Chapters 15 to 18 of the first edition published in 2006 by four
new chapters examining the alternative conceptions of
'International Economic Law' and 'Multilevel Governance' from
diverse public and private, national and international law
perspectives.
This is a book about the ever more complex legal networks of
transnational economic governance structures and their legitimacy
problems. It takes up the challenge of the editors' earlier
pioneering works which have called for more cross-sectoral and
interdisciplinary analyses by scholars of international law,
European and international economic law, private international law,
international relations theory and social philosophy to examine the
interdependences of multilevel governance in transnational
economic, social, environmental and legal relations. Two
complementary strands of theorising are expounded. One argues that
globalisation and the universal recognition of human rights are
transforming the intergovernmental "society of states" into a
cosmopolitan community of citizens which requires more effective
constitutional safeguards for protecting human rights and consumer
welfare in the national and international governance and legal
regulation of international trade. The second emphasises the
dependence of the functioning of international markets and liberal
trade on governance arrangements which respond credibly to safety
and environmental concerns of consumers, traders, political and
non-governmental actors. Enquiries into the generation of
international standards and empirical analyses of legalization and
judizialisation practices form part of this agenda. The
perspectives and conclusions of the more than 20 contributors from
Europe and North-America cannot be uniform. But they converge in
their search for a constitutional architecture which limits,
empowers and legitimises multilevel trade governance, as well as in
their common premise that respect for human rights, private and
democratic self-government and social justice require more
transparent, participatory and deliberative forms of transnational
"cosmopolitan democracy".
Recent transatlantic relations have been plagued by a seemingly endless series of disputes over trade and other economic and political interests. Some of these disputes have been amongst the most prominent of the WTO era: the Bananas Case, the Beef Hormones Case and the furore over the Helms-Burton Act. This book analyses the sources of transatlantic disputes, and the means employed to prevent and settle such disputes both bilaterally and through the multilateral dispute settlement mechanism of the of the WTO, and identifies promising areas for reform.
Recent transatlantic relations have been plagued by a seemingly
endless series of disputes over trade and other economic and
political interests. Some of these disputes have been amongst the
most prominent of the WTO era: the Bananas Case, the Beef Hormones
Case and over the application of the Helms-Burton Act. This book
analyzes the source of transatlantic disputes, the means employed
to prevent and settle such disputes both bilaterally and through
the dispute settlement mechanism of the of the WTO, and to identify
promising areas for reform.
This book begins with a survey of transatlantic governance and
dispute settlement problems. Part II analyzes 14 case-studies of
transatlantic economic and regulatory disputes written by leading
EU and US experts. The analytical papers in Part III examine the
disputes in the broader context of legal, economic and political
theories of dispute prevention and dispute settlement. Part IV
offers policy recommendations from EU and US policy-makers and
academics. Most of the more than 20 contributors conclude that
joint EU-US leadership in multilateral institutions (e.g. for trade
liberalization, dispute prevention and dispute settlement in the
WTO) offers advantages over bilateral approaches. By contrast, a
potential transatlantic free-trade association (TAFTA) remains a
second-best approach which might not prevent many of the
transatlantic disputes over internal trade-related domestic
policies. Transatlantic initiatives e.g. forL regulatory
cooperation and citizen-oriented institutional reforms can,
however, serve as precedents for multilateral reforms (e.g. of WTO
rules).
In its ten years of existence, the World Trade Organization (WTO)
dispute settlement system has continued to differentiate itself in
many ways from more conventional international judicial proceedings
such as those before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) or
regional integration courts. The regular participation of third
parties, the emphasis at all levels of the ordinary meaning of the
text of WTO rules, and the raft of proposed amendments to the
Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) all characterize WTO
jurisprudence. In twenty-six incisive contributions, this book
covers both the legislative and (quasi) judicial activities
encompassed by the WTO dispute settlement system. Essays concerned
with rules emphasize proposed improvements and clarifications in
such areas as special and differential treatment of less-developed
countries, surveillance of implementation, compensation, and
suspension of concessions. Other contributions discuss such
jurisprudential and practical issues as discrimination,
trade-related environmental measures, subsides and countervailing
measures, and trade-related intellectual property rights. The
authors refer frequently to the panel, Appellate Body and
arbitration reports, a chronological list of which appears as an
annex. The contributors include WTO arbitrators, members of the WTO
Appellate Body, WTO panelists, and academics from a broad spectrum
of countries engaged as legal advisers by the WTO, by governments,
or by non-governmental organizations. More than a mere snapshot of
the current status of the WTO dispute settlement system, this
outstanding work represents a comprehensive analysis that brings a
fast-moving and crucially significant body ofinternational law into
sharp focus.
This text is the result of an initiative by the International Trade
Law Committee of the International Law Committee of the
International Law Association to promote the progressive
development of GATT/WTO law, and especially of its dispute
settlement system, by making a comparative legal study of
international and regional law and dispute settlement practice.
Until recently there has been little discussion of the problems of
GATT/WTO law and GATT dispute settlement practice. Part I of the
book introduces the basic principles, procedures and historical
evolution of the GATT/WTO dispute settlement system. It analyses
the first experience and current legal problems with the new WTO
dispute settlement system, such as the application of the Dispute
Settlement Understanding to trade in services, intellectual
property rights and restrictive business practices, the scope for
"non-violation complaints", the standards of review, intervention
by third parties, and the appellate review procedures and case-law.
Part II examines the evolution of international trade law, and the
application of the GATT/WTO dispute settlement procedures, in
specific areas of international economic law, such as anti-dumping
law, agricultural and textiles trade, restrictive business
practices, trade-related environmental measures, the General
Agreement on Trade in Services, the Agreement on Trade-Related
Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, and the Agreement on
Government Procurement. Part III describes procedures for the
settlement of international trade disputes in domestic courts and
regional trade agreements, such as the EC, the South American
Common Market and NAFTA and examines their interrelationships with
the GATT/WTO dispute rules and procedures. The Annexes include
tables of past GATT/TWO dispute settlement proceedings, as well as
the texts of the WTO's Dispute Settlement Understanding and of the
Working Procedures adopted by the Appellate Body of the WTO.
The 1994 agreement establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO)
regulates over 95% of world trade amongst 148 member countries. The
November 2001 Declaration of the Fourth Ministerial Conference of
the WTO in Doha, Quatar, has launched the Doha Development Round of
multilateral trade negotiations in the WTo on 21 topics aimed at
far-reaching reforms of the world trading system. On August 1st
2004, the WTO General Council reached agreement on a detailed Doha
Work program with the aim of concluding negotiations in 2006.
This volume provides discussion and policy recommendations by
leading WTO negotiators and policy-makers, and analysis by leading
economists, political scientists and trade lawyers on the major
subjects of the Doha Round negotiations. Over 30 contributors
explore the complexity of the world trading system and of the WTO
negotiations for its reform from diverse political, economic and
legal perspectives.
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