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This book brings together essays by established and emerging
scholars that discuss Pakistan, Turkey, and their diasporas in
Europe. Together, the contributions show the scope of diverse
artistic media, including architecture, painting, postcards, film,
music, and literature, that has responded to the partitions of the
twentieth century and the Muslim diasporas in Europe. Turkey and
Pakistan have been subject to two of the largest compulsory
population transfers of the twentieth century. They have also been
the sites for large magnitudes of emigration during the second half
of the twentieth century, creating influential diasporas in
European cities such as London and Berlin. Discrimination has been
both the cause and result of migration: while internal problems
compelled citizens to emigrate from their countries, blatant
discriminatory and ideological constructs shaped their experiences
in their countries of arrival. Read together, the Partition emerges
from the essays in Part I not as a pathology specific to the
Balkans, Middle East, or South Asia, but as a central problematic
of the new political realities of decolonization and nation
formation. The essays in Part II demonstrate the layered histories
and multiple migration paths that have shaped the experiences of
Berliners and Londoners. This analysis furthers the study of
modernism and migration across the borders of, not only the
nation-state, but also class, race, and gender. As a result, this
book will be of interest to a broad multidisciplinary academic
audience including students and faculty, artists, architects and
planners, as well as non-specialist general public interested in
visual arts, architecture and urban literature.
In "Architecture in Translation," Esra Akcan offers a way to
understand the global circulation of culture that extends the
notion of translation beyond language to visual fields. She shows
how members of the ruling Kemalist elite in Turkey further aligned
themselves with Europe by choosing German-speaking architects to
oversee much of the design of modern cities. Focusing on the period
from the 1920s through the 1950s, Akcan traces the geographical
circulation of modern residential models, including the garden
city--which emphasized green spaces separating low-density
neighborhoods of houses surrounded by gardens--and mass housing
built first for the working-class residents in industrial cities
and, later, more broadly for mixed-income residents. She shows how
the concept of translation--the process of change that occurs with
transportation of people, ideas, technology, information, and
images from one or more countries to another--allows for
consideration of the sociopolitical context and agency of all
parties in cultural exchanges. Moving beyond the indistinct
concepts of hybrid and transculturation and avoiding passive
metaphors such as import, influence, or transfer, translation
offers a new approach relevant to many disciplines. Akcan advocates
a commitment to a new culture of translatability from below for a
truly cosmopolitan ethics in a globalizing world.
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