The later Wittgenstein is notoriously hard to understand. His novel philosophical approach is the key to understanding his perplexing work. This volume assembles leading Wittgenstein scholars to come to grips with its least well understood aspect: the unfamiliar aims and method that shape Wittgenstein's approach. Wittgenstein at Work investigates Wittgenstein's aims, rationale and method in two steps. The first seven chapters analyse how he proceeds in core parts of the Philosophical Investigations: the discussion of the Augustinian picture of language, ostensive definition, philosophical method, understanding, rule-following, and private language. The final five chapters examine his most striking methodological remarks: his repudiation of theory and non-trivial theses, and some core notions of his methodology: his notions of clarification, synoptic representation, nonsense, and philosophical pictures. The volume considerably advances discussion of the therapeutic aspects of his approach that are currently a focus of debate. This volume is an indispensable methodological companion to the Philosophical Investigations, useful to both specialists and students alike. Fischer, Erich Ammereller, Severin Schroder, Anthony Kenny, Oswald Hanfling, Cora Diamond, Hans-Johann Glock, Stuart Shanker.

Experimental philosophy is one of the most exciting and controversial philosophical movements today. This book explores how it is reshaping thought about philosophical method. Experimental philosophy imports experimental methods and findings from psychology into philosophy. These fresh resources can be used to develop and defend both armchair methods and naturalist approaches, on an empirical basis. This outstanding collection brings together leading proponents of this new meta-philosophical naturalism, from within and beyond experimental philosophy. They explore how the empirical study of philosophically relevant intuition and cognition transforms traditional philosophical approaches and facilitates fresh ones. Part One examines important uses of traditional "armchair" methods which are not threatened by experimental work and develops empirically informed accounts of such methods that can potentially stand up to experimental scrutiny. Part Two analyses different uses and rationales of experimental methods in several areas of philosophy and addresses the key methodological challenges to experimental philosophy: Do its experiments target the intuitions that matter in philosophy? And how can they support conclusions about the rights and wrongs of philosophical views? Essential reading for students of experimental philosophy and metaphilosophy, Experimental Philosophy, Rationalism, and Naturalism will also interest students and researchers in related areas such as epistemology and the philosophies of language, perception, mind and action, science and psychology.

Experimental philosophy is one of the most exciting and controversial philosophical movements today. This book explores how it is reshaping thought about philosophical method. Experimental philosophy imports experimental methods and findings from psychology into philosophy. These fresh resources can be used to develop and defend both armchair methods and naturalist approaches, on an empirical basis. This outstanding collection brings together leading proponents of this new meta-philosophical naturalism, from within and beyond experimental philosophy. They explore how the empirical study of philosophically relevant intuition and cognition transforms traditional philosophical approaches and facilitates fresh ones. Part One examines important uses of traditional "armchair" methods which are not threatened by experimental work and develops empirically informed accounts of such methods that can potentially stand up to experimental scrutiny. Part Two analyses different uses and rationales of experimental methods in several areas of philosophy and addresses the key methodological challenges to experimental philosophy: Do its experiments target the intuitions that matter in philosophy? And how can they support conclusions about the rights and wrongs of philosophical views? Essential reading for students of experimental philosophy and metaphilosophy, Experimental Philosophy, Rationalism, and Naturalism will also interest students and researchers in related areas such as epistemology and the philosophies of language, perception, mind and action, science and psychology.

Until recently, experimental philosophy has been associated with the questionnaire-based study of intuitions. This volume brings together established and emerging research leaders from several areas of experimental philosophy to explore how new empirical methods from the behavioural sciences and digital humanities can contribute to philosophical debates. Each chapter offers an accessible overview of these exciting innovations, demonstrating their application in a key area of philosophy and discussing their strengths and limitations. Methods covered include eye tracking, virtual reality technology, neuroimaging, statistical learning and experimental economics as well as corpus linguistics, visualisation techniques and data and text mining. The volume explores their use in moral philosophy and moral psychology, epistemology, philosophy of science, metaphysics, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind and the history of ideas. Methodological Advances in Experimental Philosophy is essential reading for undergraduates, graduate students and researchers working in experimental philosophy.

Philosophical Delusion and its Therapy provides new foundations and methods for the revolutionary project of philosophical therapy pioneered by Ludwig Wittgenstein. The book vindicates this currently much-discussed project by reconstructing the genesis of important philosophical problems: With the help of concepts adapted from cognitive linguistics and cognitive psychology, the book analyses how philosophical reflection is shaped by pictures and metaphors we are not aware of employing and are prone to misapply. Through innovative case-studies on the genesis of classical problems about the mind and perception, and on thinkers including Locke, Berkeley and Ayer, the book demonstrates how such autonomous habits of thought systematically generate unsound intuitions and philosophical delusions, whose clash with reality, or among each other, gives rise to ill-motivated but maddening problems. The book re-examines models of therapeutic philosophy, due to Wittgenstein and J. L. Austin, and develops an approach that may let us overcome philosophical delusions and the problems they engender. In this way, the book explains where and why therapy in called for in philosophy, and develops techniques to carry it out.

Philosophical Delusion and its Therapy provides new foundations and methods for the revolutionary project of philosophical therapy pioneered by Ludwig Wittgenstein. The book vindicates this currently much-discussed project by reconstructing the genesis of important philosophical problems: With the help of concepts adapted from cognitive linguistics and cognitive psychology, the book analyses how philosophical reflection is shaped by pictures and metaphors we are not aware of employing and are prone to misapply. Through innovative case-studies on the genesis of classical problems about the mind and perception, and on thinkers including Locke, Berkeley and Ayer, the book demonstrates how such autonomous habits of thought systematically generate unsound intuitions and philosophical delusions, whose clash with reality, or among each other, gives rise to ill-motivated but maddening problems. The book re-examines models of therapeutic philosophy, due to Wittgenstein and J. L. Austin, and develops an approach that may let us overcome philosophical delusions and the problems they engender. In this way, the book explains where and why therapy in called for in philosophy, and develops techniques to carry it out.

The later Wittgenstein is notoriously hard to understand. His novel philosophical approach is the key to understanding his perplexing work. This volume assembles leading Wittgenstein scholars to come to grips with its least well understood aspect: the unfamiliar aims and method that shape Wittgenstein's approach. Wittgenstein at Work investigates Wittgenstein's aims, rationale and method in two steps. The first seven chapters analyze how he proceeds in core parts of the Philosophical Investigations: the discussion of the Augustinian picture of language, ostensive definition, philosophical method, understanding, rule-following, and private language. The final five chapters examine his most striking methodological remarks: his repudiation of theory and non-trivial theses, and some core notions of his methodology: his notions of clarification, synoptic representation, nonsense, and philosophical pictures. The volume considerably advances discussion of the therapeutic aspects of his approach that are currently a focus of debate. This volume is an indispensable methodological companion to the Philosophical Investigations, useful to both specialists and students alike.

Unter den Fragen, die im offentlichen Denken von heute an die Ober flache drangen, ist die nach der Moral der politischen Macht eine der haufig sten und bedruckendsten. Im Gesprach von Regierung zu Regierung wird das Hervorkehren der Macht, von gelegentlichen Ausbruchen abgesehen, mit fuhlbarer Scheu vermieden und lieber der Wille zum Nichtgebrauch, ja der Wunsch nach Verminderung der Macht aller Machte durch Abrustung her vorgehoben. In der Tagespublizistik braucht man sich nur des Schrecks vor der "Politik der Starke" in weiten Kreisen und der Verwendung des Wortes in der feindlichen Propaganda zu erinnern, um zu spuren, wie das Phantom der Macht als des bosesten unter den bosen Geistern uberall umgeht. Eine Rundfrage bei den Autoren, die als Historiker, Soziologen, Ethiker, reflek tierende Staatsmanner zum Phanomen der Macht Stellung nehmen, wurde etwa folgende Auffassungen ergeben: Politische Macht ist ihrem Wesen nach gottwidrig und also bose; politische Macht ist nicht an sich bose, verfuhrt aber zu korruptem und bosem Gebrauch; politische Macht kann bis zu einem gewissen Grad gut sein, im Existenzkampf ist sie uberall skrupellos und scheut kein Mittel; politische Macht ware gut in volliger Selbstlosigkeit zum Wohle anderer, wonach sie, ohne das Ideal freilich je zu erreichen, immer hin streben sollte."

Until recently, experimental philosophy has been associated with the questionnaire-based study of intuitions. This volume brings together established and emerging research leaders from several areas of experimental philosophy to explore how new empirical methods from the behavioural sciences and digital humanities can contribute to philosophical debates. Each chapter offers an accessible overview of these exciting innovations, demonstrating their application in a key area of philosophy and discussing their strengths and limitations. Methods covered include eye tracking, virtual reality technology, neuroimaging, statistical learning and experimental economics as well as corpus linguistics, visualisation techniques and data and text mining. The volume explores their use in moral philosophy and moral psychology, epistemology, philosophy of science, metaphysics, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind and the history of ideas. Methodological Advances in Experimental Philosophy is essential reading for undergraduates, graduate students and researchers working in experimental philosophy.

Diplomarbeit aus dem Jahr 2008 im Fachbereich Physik - Sonstiges, Note: 2, Eberhard-Karls-Universitat Tubingen (Institut fur Angewandte Physik), Veranstaltung: Nanotechnologie, Sprache: Deutsch, Anmerkungen: Die Arbeit wurde vollstandig korrigiert, alle Kritikpunkte der Professoren beseitigt., Abstract: Ziel dieser Diplomarbeit war, das Kohlenstoffnanorohrenwachstum im elektrischen Feld zu untersuchen und gezielt in einer CVD-Anlage zu steuern. Der Feldverlauf zwischen den Elektroden wurde auf unterschiedlichen Substraten simuliert. Daraufhin wurde eine passende Struktur hergestellt, die es ermoglichte, mit Hilfe einer Spannungsquelle ein elektrisches Feld anzulegen, um Kohlenstoffnanorohren auszurichten. Durch Variation der Einflussfaktoren (Substrat, Elektrodenmaterial, Eisendicke, Wachstumstemperatur, Wachstumszeit, Feldstarke und Potential) wurde das Wachstum der Kohlenstoffnanorohren (CNTs) zur gezielten Herstellung einzelner, extrem langer, ausgerichteter CNTs optimiert. Zur besseren Kontrolle der gewachsenen CNTs wurde ein einfacher Aufbau zur Ausnutzung des Potentialkontrasts mittels REM (Rasterelektronenmikroskop) realisiert. Damit war es moglich, sehr interessante Bilder zu erzeugen und den Einfluss der einzelnen Parameter zu dokumentieren. Es ist gelungen, extrem lange, ausgerichtete CNTs von 20 Mikrometern Lange in guter Qualitat (Ramanspektrum) und mit extrem hoher Ausbeute (40%) herzustellen. Die Lange und die Ausbeute der einzelnen, ausgerichteten Nanotubes ist dabei einzigartig und anderweitig meines Wissens nach nicht zu finden. Weiterhin wurde ein Transistor auf CNT Basis realisiert und die Kennlinie aufgenommen. Diese Arbeit beinhaltet viele Bilder und Schritt fur Schritt Anleitungen mit den zugehorigen Rezepten die notig sind um die Ergebnisse zu reproduzieren.