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Considerable impetus was given to the study and understanding of
cere- brovascular anatomy by Thomas Willis and his contemporaries
in the sev",nteenth century, yet almost two hundred years were to
pass before further significant advances were made in this field.
Then, from the mid- nineteenth century onwards, the dark ages of
cerebrovascular research gradually lifted through the efforts of
such workers as Luschka, Heubner, and Windle, whose pioneering
anatomical studies formed the basis of the present-day
understanding of the morphology of the cerebral circulation. The
turn of the century saw an increasing influence of the early
neurolo- gists in describing anatomy of cerebral vessels in
relation to their areas of distribution and to the production of
focal deficits through specific vascu- lar lesions and anomalies.
Later still, Padget and others made important observations
concerning phylogenetic and developmental aspects of the cerebral
circulation. These anatomical and clinical studies were remarkable
enough but the real breakthrough in investigating cerebral
pathophysiology and in devis- ing appropriate corrective
neurosurgical procedures had to await the re- markable advances in
technology of the past fifty years. These began with the advent of
cerebral angiography with all its subsequent refinements and
progress has been accelerated through establishing noninvasive
Doppler and high resolution ultrasound imaging techniques, methods
for the accu- rate measurement of cerebral blood flow, CT scanning,
PET scanning, and, most recently, imaging and metabolic NMR
scanning.
Considerable impetus was given to the study and understanding of
cere- brovascular anatomy by Thomas Willis and his contemporaries
in the seventeenth century, yet almost two hundred years were to
pass before further significant advances were made in this field.
Then, from the mid- nineteenth century onwards, the dark ages of
cerebrovascular research gradually lifted through the efforts of
such workers as Luschka, Heubner, and Windle, whose pioneering
anatomieal studies formed the basis of the present-day
understanding of the morphology of the cerebral circulation. The
turn of the century saw an increasing influence of the early
neurolo- gists in describing anatomy of cerebral vesseis in
relation to their areas of distribution and to the production of
focal deficits through specific vascu- lar lesions and anomalies.
Later stiil, Padget and others made important observations
concerning phylogenetic and developmental aspects of the cerebral
circuIation. These anatomieal and dinieaI studies were remarkable
enough but the real breakthrough in investigating cerebral
pathophysiology and in devis- ing appropriate corrective
neurosurgical procedures had to await the re- markable advances in
technology of the past fifty years. These began with the advent of
cerebral angiography with all its subsequent refinements and
progress has been accelerated through estabIishing noninvasive
Doppler and high resolution ultrasound imaging techniques, methods
for the accu- rate measurement of cerebral blood f1ow, CT seanning,
PET seanning, and, most recently, imaging and metabolic NMR
seanning.
Considerable impetus was given to the study and understanding of
cere brovascular anatomy by Thomas Willis and his contemporaries in
the seventeenth century, yet almost two hundred years were to pass
before further significant advances were made in this field. Then,
from the mid nineteenth century onwards, the dark ages of
cerebrovascular research gradually lifted through the efforts of
such workers as Luschka, Heubner, and Windle, whose pioneering
anatomical studies formed the basis of the present-day
understanding of the morphology of the cerebral circulation. The
turn of the century saw an increasing influence of the early
neurolo gists in describing anatomy of cerebral vessels in relation
to their areas of distribution and to the production of focal
deficits through specific vascu lar lesions and anomalies. Later
still, Padget and others made important observations concerning
phylogenetic and developmental aspects of the cerebral circulation.
These anatomical and clinical studies were remarkable enough but
the real breakthrough in investigating cerebral pathophysiology and
in devis ing appropriate corrective neurosurgical procedures had to
await the re markable advances in technology of the past fifty
years. These began with the advent of cerebral angiography with all
its subsequent refinements and progress has been accelerated
through establishing noninvasive Doppler and high resolution
ultrasound imaging techniques, methods for the accu rate
measurement of cerebral blood flow, CT scanning, PET scanning, and,
most recently, imaging and metabolic NMR scanning.
Considerable impetus was given to the study and understanding of
cere brovascular anatomy by Thomas Willis and his contemporaries in
the seventeenth century, yet almost two hundred years were to pass
before further significant advances were made in this field. Then,
from the mid nineteenth century onwards, the dark ages of
cerebrovascular research gradually lifted through the efforts of
such workers as Luschka, Heubner, and Windle, whose pioneering
anatomical studies formed the basis of the present-day
understanding of the morphology of the cerebral circulation. The
turn of the century saw an increasing influence of the early
neurolo gists in describing anatomy of cerebral vessels in relation
to their areas of distribution and to the production of focal
deficits through specific vascu lar lesions and anomalies. Later
still, Padget and others made important observations concerning
phylogenetic and developmental aspects of the cerebral circulation.
These anatomical and clinical studies were remarkable enough but
the real breakthrough in investigating cerebral pathophysiology and
in devis ing appropriate corrective neurosurgical procedures had to
await the re markable advances in technology of the past fifty
years. These began with the advent of cerebral angiography with all
its subsequent refinements and progress has been accelerated
through establishing noninvasive Doppler and high resolution
ultrasound imaging techniques, methods for the accu rate
measurement of cerebral blood flow, CT scanning, PET scanning, and,
most recently, imaging and metabolic NMR scanning.
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