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Between 2000 and 2005, colour revolutions swept away authoritarian
and semi-authoritarian regimes in Serbia, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan and
Ukraine. Yet, after these initial successes, attempts to replicate
the strategies failed to produce regime change elsewhere in the
region. The book argues that students of democratization and
democracy promotion should study not only the successful colour
revolutions, but also the colour revolution prevention strategies
adopted by authoritarian elites. Based on a series of qualitative,
country-focused studies the book explores the whole spectrum of
anti-democratization policies, adopted by autocratic rulers and
demonstrates that authoritarian regimes studied democracy promotion
techniques, used in various colour revolutions, and focused their
prevention strategies on combatting these techniques. The book
proposes a new typology of authoritarian reactions to the challenge
of democratization and argues that the specific mix of policies and
rhetoric, adopted by each authoritarian regime, depended on the
perceived intensity of threat to regime survival and the regime's
perceived strength vis-a-vis the democratic opposition. This book
was published as a special issue of Democratization.
Between 2000 and 2005, colour revolutions swept away authoritarian
and semi-authoritarian regimes in Serbia, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan and
Ukraine. Yet, after these initial successes, attempts to replicate
the strategies failed to produce regime change elsewhere in the
region. The book argues that students of democratization and
democracy promotion should study not only the successful colour
revolutions, but also the colour revolution prevention strategies
adopted by authoritarian elites. Based on a series of qualitative,
country-focused studies the book explores the whole spectrum of
anti-democratization policies, adopted by autocratic rulers and
demonstrates that authoritarian regimes studied democracy promotion
techniques, used in various colour revolutions, and focused their
prevention strategies on combatting these techniques. The book
proposes a new typology of authoritarian reactions to the challenge
of democratization and argues that the specific mix of policies and
rhetoric, adopted by each authoritarian regime, depended on the
perceived intensity of threat to regime survival and the regime's
perceived strength vis-a-vis the democratic opposition. This book
was published as a special issue of Democratization.
How Jewish responses during the Holocaust shed new light on the
dynamics of genocide and political violence Focusing on the choices
and actions of Jews during the Holocaust, Ordinary Jews examines
the different patterns of behavior of civilians targeted by mass
violence. Relying on rich archival material and hundreds of
survivors' testimonies, Evgeny Finkel presents a new framework for
understanding the survival strategies in which Jews engaged:
cooperation and collaboration, coping and compliance, evasion, and
resistance. Finkel compares Jews' behavior in three Jewish
ghettos-Minsk, Krakow, and Bialystok-and shows that Jews' responses
to Nazi genocide varied based on their experiences with prewar
policies that either promoted or discouraged their integration into
non-Jewish society. Finkel demonstrates that while possible
survival strategies were the same for everyone, individuals'
choices varied across and within communities. In more cohesive and
robust Jewish communities, coping-confronting the danger and trying
to survive without leaving-was more organized and successful, while
collaboration with the Nazis and attempts to escape the ghetto were
minimal. In more heterogeneous Jewish communities, collaboration
with the Nazis was more pervasive, while coping was disorganized.
In localities with a history of peaceful interethnic relations,
evasion was more widespread than in places where interethnic
relations were hostile. State repression before WWII, to which
local communities were subject, determined the viability of
anti-Nazi Jewish resistance. Exploring the critical influences
shaping the decisions made by Jews in Nazi-occupied eastern Europe,
Ordinary Jews sheds new light on the dynamics of collective
violence and genocide.
Throughout history, reform has provoked rebellion - not just by the
losers from reform, but also among its intended beneficiaries.
Finkel and Gehlbach emphasize that, especially in weak states,
reform often must be implemented by local actors with a stake in
the status quo. In this setting, the promise of reform represents
an implicit contract against which subsequent implementation is
measured: when implementation falls short of this promise, citizens
are aggrieved and more likely to rebel. Finkel and Gehlbach explore
this argument in the context of Russia's emancipation of the serfs
in 1861 - a fundamental reform of Russian state and society that
paradoxically encouraged unrest among the peasants who were its
prime beneficiaries. They further examine the empirical reach of
their theory through narrative analyses of the Tanzimat reforms of
the nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire, land reform in ancient Rome,
the abolition of feudalism during the French Revolution, and land
reform in contemporary Latin America.
How Jewish responses during the Holocaust shed new light on the
dynamics of genocide and political violence Focusing on the choices
and actions of Jews during the Holocaust, Ordinary Jews examines
the different patterns of behavior of civilians targeted by mass
violence. Relying on rich archival material and hundreds of
survivors' testimonies, Evgeny Finkel presents a new framework for
understanding the survival strategies in which Jews engaged:
cooperation and collaboration, coping and compliance, evasion, and
resistance. Finkel compares Jews' behavior in three Jewish
ghettos--Minsk, Krakow, and Bia?ystok--and shows that Jews'
responses to Nazi genocide varied based on their experiences with
prewar policies that either promoted or discouraged their
integration into non-Jewish society. Finkel demonstrates that while
possible survival strategies were the same for everyone,
individuals' choices varied across and within communities. In more
cohesive and robust Jewish communities, coping--confronting the
danger and trying to survive without leaving--was more organized
and successful, while collaboration with the Nazis and attempts to
escape the ghetto were minimal. In more heterogeneous Jewish
communities, collaboration with the Nazis was more pervasive, while
coping was disorganized. In localities with a history of peaceful
interethnic relations, evasion was more widespread than in places
where interethnic relations were hostile. State repression before
WWII, to which local communities were subject, determined the
viability of anti-Nazi Jewish resistance. Exploring the critical
influences shaping the decisions made by Jews in Nazi-occupied
eastern Europe, Ordinary Jews sheds new light on the dynamics of
collective violence and genocide.
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