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The book and movie, The Da Vinci Code, are a cultural phenomenon of
the early 21st Century. The book occupied bestseller lists for
years and Newsweek magazine deemed the 2006 film version "movie of
the year" even before its release. The main storyline smeared the
Roman Catholic Church with assertions of secrecy, involvement with
murder, and a centuries-long practice of misogyny. It also claimed
that Mary Magdalene was the progenitor of the Catholic Church, the
wife of Jesus Christ, and that Jesus was not regarded as divine
during his lifetime. What may be inconsequential as "fiction" grew
more serious for Christian leadership when it became clear after
the 2003 book release that the work was challenging the belief
system of some Christian faithful. Reactivity grew on the part of
Opus Dei-- a Catholic support group depicted in the novel--and
various writings appeared on the World Wide Web attempting to
debunk the book. The web materials formed a tapestry of information
and persuasion about the Da Vinci novel and movie. In the vein of
public relations, corporations, agencies and stakeholders use
techniques of "impression management" to help negotiate and define
perceptions of an issue gone public. The present study employs
impression management as a template for understanding how "major
Christian religions online" responded, and content-analyzes the
messages put forth to deal with public perceptions of The Da Vinci
Code. What were the characteristics of these messages? How did they
compare to Church reaction toward negative popular fiction of the
past, such as 1988's The Last Temptation of Christ? How effective
was the Church in addressing public opinion? What could be done
more fruitfully in the arena of public relations? The results
indicate a generally effective information strategy was employed.
At the beginning of World War II, the Army Air Force descended upon
the college campuses across the land to enlist as many college
students as possible in its Aviation Cadet program before the other
branches of service could recruit them. Numerous commitments were
made to the students, promising among other things that they would
train together, fly in combat under the great insignia of the
university, and be commissioned as officers in the new
two-million-man air force. In their zealous recruiting, the Army
Air Force enlisted more men than the training facilities could
handle and, as it turned out, more than they needed. As a result, a
surplus of pilots developed and the college men were dumped into
assignments far removed from that which they had been promised. One
day, they were flying airplanes and being treated with dignity and
respect and the next day they were picking up cigarette butts.
Instead of becoming officers with duty and position commensurate
with their education and abilities, they were performing menial
tasks in the enlisted ranks.
Ann Cook was an 18th-century cook and cookbook author. Her cookbook
was printed in three editions and contained more than just
receipts. For some reason, she had a real problem with Hannah
Glasse’s cookbook, The Art of Cookery: Made Plain and Easy, which
had been republished many times during the 18th century and would
have been the first port of call for a puzzled cook or housekeeper.
Cook’s book included vitriolic comments about a number of
Glasse’s recipes. Historic cooks Clarissa F. Dillon and Deborah
J. Peterson use their skills to investigate whether Cook’s
remarks were valid. They prepared a number of recipes, both from
Glasse and from Cook, and commented on the results. Although a
number of people have written about these two women, their emphasis
was on the comments, not on the validity of the criticisms. This
approach makes this book unique.
The Handbook on Testing highlights major work in educational,
psychological, technical, and occupational testing in public and
private sectors. Theoretical issues in measurement are discussed.
Standards for tests and testing professionals are described. In
addition, a range of test environments, testing programs, and
groups of examinees are included. A variety of suggestions for
improving the use of tests for selection and classification are
given. Examples of programs linking testing with training are also
provided, and the use of tests to promote learning is described.
Researchers in the field of testing have witnessed recent
significant changes in test development and test administration
procedures. The motivation for such changes lies in revised
conceptions of intelligence as well as modifications in testing
technologies. The Handbook on Testing is the largest treatise in
testing and contains among the most important testing work,
including new undertakings on a range of test administration
methods, types of abilities, and measures taken from tests. Issues
of test theory and standards are discussed. New work in
intelligence testing is also included. In addition, the mechanisms
and use of dynamic assessment and learning tests are considered.
Several large-scale testing programs are reviewed, including
predictor and criterion development work in the military, private
sector employment testing, and testing for admission to medical
school. The link between assessment and instruction is highlighted
in several chapters, including coverage in special education
testing.
Research aimed at developing new approaches to testing of complex
intellectual processes occupies the forefront of psychology and
education. Testing examines the ongoing research efforts into
information processing techniques and measures by the military and
academic research and development communities. Psychometricians,
educational and cognitive psychologists, and personnel researchers
will find this review of current testing literature a valuable and
practical research tool. Leading experts and professionals from a
variety of backgrounds focus on improvements in measuring broadly
defined tests of aptitude and on innovations in measuring
intellectual skill. Four main topics treated are: advances in
testing; new methods of testing; new aptitude measures; dimensions
of job performance.
Instruction highlights the ongoing research of military and
academic communities--research aimed at developing new approaches
in the instruction of complex intellectual processes and skills.
Representative work includes learning procedural tasks and learning
text comprehension processes in various environments such as
computer-managed instructional settings. A variety of technological
factors relevant to developing training materials for computerized
environments is also presented. In addition, new domains such as
learning map interpretation skills are included. This major
collaborative effort was supported by the Navy Personnel Research
and Development Center in San Diego, California.
Researchers from major military personnel research organizations
and universities contributed to this volume. The essays study:
student cognitive attributes and performance in a computer-based
instructional setting; factors in retention of procedural tasks;
experimental investigation of text comprehension in bilinguals;
functional context theory; literary and electronics training;
problem solving in technical domains; motivation, learning, and
prescriptions for change; teaching interpretive skills; training
analysis and design for complex aircrew tasks; and implementation
of instructional system development in the U.S. Army. This book
will be invaluable to educators in the academic and military
worlds.
Italy is still preeminently a land of faith and fervour. Invasions,
secret societies, revolutions, and persecutions have done their
worst to make it otherwise during the past hundred years. Writers
of books of travel, newspaper correspondents, and others who cater
for the prevailing anti-Catholic prejudices of the majority of
those who speak the English language, generally represent it as
having grown at least indifferent, if not worse, under these
trials. But the truth is that at no past period of its Christian
history were the mass of the inhabitants of the country more
attached to their religion, more firmly fixed in its principles, or
more devoted to its practices than at the present moment. The
writer of the following pages upon one of the most beautiful and
useful manifestations of the faith of Italy, has had ample
opportunity of witnessing what he here asserts. He visited that
country for the first time early in the spring of the past year;
and he confesses, he was prepared to see everywhere a great decay
of religion in a nation where the Church had been universally
plundered, where the Supreme Pontiff was dethroned and imprisoned,
where the religious orders were suppressed, where the public
observance of the Lord's Day and of many Christian practices had
been legally abolished, where the recognition of Catholicity by the
State was made a cruel farce, and where, in fine, the most
formidable atheism the world has ever seen was, with supreme
political power in its hands, astutely planning the eradication of
Christianity from the social, political, and even individual life
of the people.
Monsignor Dillon outlines how the Papacy has been attacked since
the French Revolution by the Enemies of the Church, including the
Freemasons and even Atheists. Dillon then describes in detail the
Office for the Propagation of the Faith, also called the Propaganda
and its holy work.
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