The Reformation used to be singular: a unique event that happened within a tidily circumscribed period of time, in a tightly constrained area and largely because of a single individual. Few students of early modern Europe would now accept this view. Offering a broad overview of current scholarly thinking, this collection undertakes a fundamental rethinking of the many and varied meanings of the term concept and label 'reformation', particularly with regard to the Catholic Church. Accepting the idea of the Reformation as a process or set of processes that cropped up just about anywhere Europeans might be found, the volume explores the consequences of this through an interdisciplinary approach, with contributions from literature, art history, theology and history. By examining a single topic from multiple interdisciplinary perspectives, the volume avoids inadvertently reinforcing disciplinary logic, a common result of the way knowledge has been institutionalized and compartmentalized in research universities over the last century. The result of this is a much more nuanced view of Catholic Reformation, and once that extends consideration much further - both chronologically, geographically and politically - than is often accepted. As such the volume will prove essential reading to anyone interested in early modern religious history.

This is the first biography in ninety years of Reginald Pole (1500SH1558), one of the most important international figures of the sixteenth century. Pole's career is followed as protégé and then harshest critic of Henry VIII, as cardinal and papal diplomat, legate of Viterbo, a nearly successful candidate for pope, and finally as legate to England, archbishop of Canterbury, architect of the English Counter-Reformation, and victim of both Pope Paul IV and of himself.

Analytical Marxism blends the tenets of Marxist theory with many of the more traditional methods of social science. In this brief introduction to the major ideas and scholars in the Analytical Marxist school, Thomas F. Mayer assesses the achievements, strengths, and criticisms of their work. Focusing on the work of Elster, Roemer, Wright, and others, Mayer examines their writing on class, the state, exploitation, and revolution. Sections addressing communism and socialism define these terms in historical and current contexts, enabling the author to establish the patterns from which political predictions may be drawn. The book also explores the challenge to Marxist thought brought about by contemporary developments in Eastern Europe and suggests how the future of Marxism is shaped by these events. "Designed to help undergraduates understand the complex literature on the topic, this volume is written in an accessible style, and includes a glossary and annotated reading list. The language is exceptionally clear and free of mathematical equations. Thomas F. Mayer demonstrates in fact how needless equations so often are. Thomas F. Mayer's Analytical Marxism is a theoretical statement in its own right. As such, it is far more compelling than the edited volume with the same title that came out in 1986. What makes Mayer's book superior is that it has abandoned or muted many of the philosophically objectionable positions associated with its predecessor." -Contemporary Sociology "Thomas F. Mayer's book admirably demonstrates the robust and provacative results wrought by Cohen, ELster, Przeworski, Roemer, and Wright with their chosen tools. The liveliness and intensity of the debates provoked by these theorists' assertions suggests that the Marxian analytical tradition has a robust future." --Science and Society

Analytical Marxism blends the tenets of Marxist theory with many of the more traditional methods of social science. In this brief introduction to the major ideas and scholars in the Analytical Marxist school, Thomas F. Mayer assesses the achievements, strengths, and criticisms of their work. Focusing on the work of Elster, Roemer, Wright, and others, Mayer examines their writing on class, the state, exploitation, and revolution. Sections addressing communism and socialism define these terms in historical and current contexts, enabling the author to establish the patterns from which political predictions may be drawn. The book also explores the challenge to Marxist thought brought about by contemporary developments in Eastern Europe and suggests how the future of Marxism is shaped by these events. "Designed to help undergraduates understand the complex literature on the topic, this volume is written in an accessible style, and includes a glossary and annotated reading list. The language is exceptionally clear and free of mathematical equations. Thomas F. Mayer demonstrates in fact how needless equations so often are. Thomas F. Mayer's Analytical Marxism is a theoretical statement in its own right. As such, it is far more compelling than the edited volume with the same title that came out in 1986. What makes Mayer's book superior is that it has abandoned or muted many of the philosophically objectionable positions associated with its predecessor." -Contemporary Sociology "Thomas F. Mayer's book admirably demonstrates the robust and provacative results wrought by Cohen, ELster, Przeworski, Roemer, and Wright with their chosen tools. The liveliness and intensity of the debates provoked by these theorists' assertions suggests that the Marxian analytical tradition has a robust future." --Science and Society

The Reformation used to be singular: a unique event that happened within a tidily circumscribed period of time, in a tightly constrained area and largely because of a single individual. Few students of early modern Europe would now accept this view. Offering a broad overview of current scholarly thinking, this collection undertakes a fundamental rethinking of the many and varied meanings of the term concept and label 'reformation', particularly with regard to the Catholic Church. Accepting the idea of the Reformation as a process or set of processes that cropped up just about anywhere Europeans might be found, the volume explores the consequences of this through an interdisciplinary approach, with contributions from literature, art history, theology and history. By examining a single topic from multiple interdisciplinary perspectives, the volume avoids inadvertently reinforcing disciplinary logic, a common result of the way knowledge has been institutionalized and compartmentalized in research universities over the last century. The result of this is a much more nuanced view of Catholic Reformation, and once that extends consideration much further - both chronologically, geographically and politically - than is often accepted. As such the volume will prove essential reading to anyone interested in early modern religious history.

First published in 1983. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Reginald Pole (1500-1558), cardinal and archbishop of Canterbury, was at the centre of reform controversies in the mid 16th century - antagonist of Henry VIII, a leader of the reform group in the Roman Church, and nearly elected pope (Julius III was elected in his stead). His voluminous correspondence - more than 2500 items, including letters to him - forms a major source for historians not only of England, but of Catholic Europe and the early Reformation as a whole. In addition to the insight they provide on political history, both secular and ecclesiastical, and on the spiritual motives of reform, they also constitute a great resource for our understanding of humanist learning and cultural patronage in the Renaissance. Hitherto there has been no comprehensive, let alone modern or accurate listing and analysis of this correspondence, in large part due to the complexity of the manuscript traditions and the difficulties of legibility. The present work makes this vast body of material accessible to the researcher, summarising each letter (and printing key texts usually in critical editions), together with necessary identification and comment. The first three volumes in this set will contain the correspondence; the fourth and fifth will provide a biographical companion to all persons mentioned, and will together constitute a major research tool in their own right. This first volume covers the crucial turning point in Pole's career: his protracted break with Henry and the substitution of papal service for royal. One major dimension of this rupture was a profound religious conversion which took Pole to the brink of one of the defining moments of the Italian Reformation, the writing of the 'Beneficio di Christo'.

Reginald Pole (1500-1558), cardinal and archbishop of Canterbury, was at the centre of reform controversies in the mid 16th century - antagonist of Henry VIII, a leader of the reform group in the Roman Church, and nearly elected pope (Julius III was elected in his stead). His voluminous correspondence - more than 2500 items, including letters to him - forms a major source for historians not only of England, but of Catholic Europe and the early Reformation as a whole. In addition to the insight they provide on political history, both secular and ecclesiastical, and on the spiritual motives of reform, they also constitute a great resource for our understanding of humanist learning and cultural patronage in the Renaissance. Hitherto there has been no comprehensive, let alone modern or accurate listing and analysis of this correspondence, in large part due to the complexity of the manuscript traditions and the difficulties of legibility. The present work makes this vast body of material accessible to the researcher, summarising each letter (and printing key texts usually in critical editions), together with necessary identification and comment. The first three volumes in this set will contain the correspondence; the fourth and fifth will provide a biographical companion to all persons mentioned, and will together constitute a major research tool in their own right. This first volume covers the crucial turning point in Pole's career: his protracted break with Henry and the substitution of papal service for royal. One major dimension of this rupture was a profound religious conversion which took Pole to the brink of one of the defining moments of the Italian Reformation, the writing of the 'Beneficio di Christo'.

Reginald Pole (1500-1558), cardinal and archbishop of Canterbury, was at the centre of reform controversies in the mid 16th century - antagonist of Henry VIII, a leader of the reform group in the Roman Church, and nearly elected pope (Julius III was elected in his stead). His voluminous correspondence - more than 2500 items, including letters to him - forms a major source for historians not only of England, but of Catholic Europe and the early Reformation as a whole. In addition to the insight they provide on political history, both secular and ecclesiastical, and on the spiritual motives of reform, they also constitute a great resource for our understanding of humanist learning and cultural patronage in the Renaissance. Hitherto there has been no comprehensive, let alone modern or accurate listing and analysis of this correspondence, in large part due to the complexity of the manuscript traditions and the difficulties of legibility. The present work makes this vast body of material accessible to the researcher, summarising each letter (and printing key texts usually in critical editions), together with necessary identification and comment. The first three volumes in this set will contain the correspondence; the fourth and fifth will provide a biographical companion to all persons mentioned, and will together constitute a major research tool in their own right. This first volume covers the crucial turning point in Pole's career: his protracted break with Henry and the substitution of papal service for royal. One major dimension of this rupture was a profound religious conversion which took Pole to the brink of one of the defining moments of the Italian Reformation, the writing of the 'Beneficio di Christo'.

Reginald Pole (1500-1558), cardinal and archbishop of Canterbury, was at the centre of reform controversies in the mid 16th century - antagonist of Henry VIII, a leader of the reform group in the Roman Church, and nearly elected pope (Julius III was elected in his stead). His voluminous correspondence - more than 2500 items, including letters to him - forms a major source for historians not only of England, but of Catholic Europe and the early Reformation as a whole. In addition to the insight they provide on political history, both secular and ecclesiastical, and on the spiritual motives of reform, they also constitute a great resource for our understanding of humanist learning and cultural patronage in the Renaissance. Hitherto there has been no comprehensive, let alone modern or accurate listing and analysis of this correspondence, in large part due to the complexity of the manuscript traditions and the difficulties of legibility. The present work makes this vast body of material accessible to the researcher, summarising each letter (and printing key texts usually in critical editions), together with necessary identification and comment. The first three volumes in this set will contain the correspondence; the fourth and fifth will provide a biographical companion to all persons mentioned, and will together constitute a major research tool in their own right. This first volume covers the crucial turning point in Pole's career: his protracted break with Henry and the substitution of papal service for royal. One major dimension of this rupture was a profound religious conversion which took Pole to the brink of one of the defining moments of the Italian Reformation, the writing of the 'Beneficio di Christo'.

This was the first full-length biography in ninety years of Reginald Pole (1500-1558), one of the most important international figures of the sixteenth century, and the first ever to give equal attention to all phases of his career. It was based on painstaking and extensive archival research, above all in Italy and among the archives of the Inquisition. Pole spent much of his life writing, especially about himself. This book attempted to expose the tension between the 'life as lived' and the 'life as written' in order to see Pole whole rather than as a plaster saint - or devil. Pole's career is followed as protege and then harshest critic of Henry VIII, as cardinal and papal diplomat, legate of Viterbo, a nearly successful candidate for pope, and finally as legate to England, archbishop of Canterbury, architect of the English Counter-Reformation, and victim of both pope Paul IV and of himself.

Cardinal Reginald Pole (1500-1558) was one of the most important international figures of mid-16th-century Europe: principal antagonist of Henry VIII, papal diplomat, legate to the council of Trent, and nearly successful candidate for pope. But even more significant than his political actions is that Pole tried to mediate between increasingly rigid religious positions, preserving belief in justification by faith within a charismatically conceived papal church. His writing converted categories of feudal discourse, especially the language of honour, into newer humanist modes as a mean of resisting tyranny, whether secular or religious. He also created his own saintly image, as well as much of the historiography of the English Reformation. These studies place him in his English, Italian and European contexts - political, intellectual and religious. They also evaluate his ties to such major intellectual and literary figures as Marco Mantova Benavides and Ludovico Ariosto.

The recent evolution of digital technology has resulted in the design of digital processors with increasingly complex capabilities. The implementation of hardware/software co-design methodologies provides new opportunities for the development of low power, high speed DSPs and processor networks. Dedicated digital processors are digital processors with an application specific computational task. "Dedicated Digital Processors" presents an integrated and accessible approach to digital processor design principles, processes, and implementations based upon the author's considerable experience in teaching digital systems design and digital signal processing. Emphasis is placed on presentation of hardware/software co-design methods, with examples and illustrations provided throughout the text. System-on-a-chip and embedded systems are described and examples of high speed real-time processing are given. Coverage of standard and emerging DSP architectures enable the reader to make an informed selection when undertaking their own designs. This book: presents readers with the elementary building blocks for the design of digital hardware systems and processor networks; provides a unique evaluation of standard DSP architectures whilst providing up-to-date information on the latest architectures, including the TI 55x and TigerSharc chip families and the Virtex FPGA (field--programmable gate array); and, introduces the concepts and methodologies for describing and designing hardware. VHDL is presented and used to illustrate the design of a simple processor. A practical overview of hardware/software codesign with design techniques and considerations are illustrated with examples of real-world designs. It is useful as a fundamental reading for graduate and senior undergraduate students of computer and electronic engineering, and practicing engineers developing DSP applications.

From the moment of its founding in 1542, the Roman Inquisition acted as a political machine. Although inquisitors in earlier centuries had operated somewhat independently of papal authority, the gradual bureaucratization of the Roman Inquisition permitted the popes increasing license to establish and exercise direct control over local tribunals, though with varying degrees of success. In particular, Pope Urban VIII's aggressive drive to establish papal control through the agency of the Inquisition played out differently among the Italian states, whose local inquisitions varied in number and secular power. Rome's efforts to bring the Venetians to heel largely failed in spite of the interdict of 1606, and Venice maintained lay control of most religious matters. Although Florence and Naples resisted papal intrusions into their jurisdictions, on the other hand, they were eventually brought to answer directly to Rome--due in no small part to Urban VIII's subversions of the law.Thomas F. Mayer provides a richly detailed account of the ways the Roman Inquisition operated to serve the papacy's long-standing political aims in Naples, Venice, and Florence. Drawing on the Inquisition's own records, diplomatic correspondence, local documents, newsletters, and other sources, Mayer sheds new light on papal interdicts and high-profile court cases that signaled significant shifts in inquisitorial authority for each Italian state. Alongside his earlier volume, " The Roman Inquisition: A Papal Bureaucracy and Its Laws in the Age of Galileo," this masterful study extends and develops our understanding of the Inquisition as a political and legal institution.

While the Spanish Inquisition has laid the greatest claim to both scholarly attention and the popular imagination, the Roman Inquisition, established in 1542 and a key instrument of papal authority, was more powerful, important, and long-lived. Founded by Paul III and originally aimed to eradicate Protestant heresy, it followed medieval antecedents but went beyond them by becoming a highly articulated centralized organ directly dependent on the pope. By the late sixteenth century the Roman Inquisition had developed its own distinctive procedures, legal process, and personnel, the congregation of cardinals and a professional staff. Its legal process grew out of the technique of "inquisitio" formulated by Innocent III in the early thirteenth century, it became the most precocious papal bureaucracy on the road to the first "absolutist" state.As Thomas F. Mayer demonstrates, the Inquisition underwent constant modification as it expanded. The new institution modeled its case management and other procedures on those of another medieval ancestor, the Roman supreme court, the Rota. With unparalleled attention to archival sources and detail, Mayer portrays a highly articulated corporate bureaucracy with the pope at its head. He profiles the Cardinal Inquisitors, including those who would play a major role in Galileo's trials, and details their social and geographical origins, their education, economic status, earlier careers in the Church, and networks of patronage. At the point this study ends, circa 1640, Pope Urban VIII had made the Roman Inquisition his personal instrument and dominated it to a degree none of his predecessors had approached.

This textbook is written primarily for undergraduate mathematicians and also appeals to students working at an advanced level in other disciplines. The text begins with a clear motivation for the study of numerical analysis based on real-world problems. The authors then develop the necessary machinery including iteration, interpolation, boundary-value problems and finite elements. Throughout, the authors keep an eye on the analytical basis for the work and add historical notes on the development of the subject. There are numerous exercises for students.

Die vorliegende Dissertation entstand wiihrend meiner Tatigkeit als wissen- schaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Fraunhofer-Institut fur Produktionstechnik und Automatisierung (IP A) in Stuttgart sowie als Leiter der Fertigungsstattenplanung am Europaischen Kernforschungszentrum CERN in Genf. Herrn Professor Dr.-Ing. Dr.-Ing. E.h. Dr. h.c. H. J. Warnecke, dem Prasiden- ten der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft und ehemaligen Direktor des IPA sowie Leiter des Instituts fur Industrielle Fertigung und Fabrikbetrieb der Universitat Stutt- gart, bin ich fur seine wohlwollende Unterstiitzung der Arbeit und die zahl- reichen Anregungen zu gro6em Dank verpflichtet. Herrn Professor Dr.-Ing. G. Lechner danke ich fur die Ubernahme des Mit- berichts und die sich aus seiner Durchsicht der Arbeit ergebenden Hinweise. Bei der Durchfiihrung der fur die vorliegende Dissertation notwendigen Unter- suchungen wurde ich in gro6ziigiger Weise von den Firmen Swarovski Optik KG und SEL AG sowie dem CERN unterstiitzt. Hierfur mochte ich insbeson- dere den Herren Dipl.-Ing. L. Pernstich, H. MUller und Dr. P.L. Riboni, danken. Herrn Dr. Riboni, dem Leiter der mechanischen Fertigung am CERN, danke ich zudem fur die zahlreichen fruchtbaren Gesprache und sein hohes En- gagement. Dariiber hinaus mochte ich allen Mitarbeitern der genannten Institute danken, die mir durch Diskussionsbereitschaft und konstruktive Kritik beim Abfassen der Arbeit behilflich waren. Dieser Dank gilt insbesondere den Herren Dr. rer. pol. Dipl.-Ing. C. Mantke und Dr.-Ing. C. Claussen. Nicht zuletzt mochte ich meiner Frau, Dipl. oec. P. Mayer, fur fachliche Hinweise sowie ihre Nachsicht und Geduld danken.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfangen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen fur die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfugung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden mussen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

In der Vorrede zum ersten Band der dritten Auflage wurde bereits die Absicht ausgesprochen, in einem zweiten Band die naturlichen Farb stoffe, welche in der zweiten Auflage noch eine sehr stiefmutterliche Behandlung erfahren hatten, ausfuhrlicher zu besprechen. Folgende Gesichtspunkte sind dabei leitend gewesen: Es ist versucht worden die Herkunft, Eigenschaften, Konstitution und Darstellung aller Farbstoffe, soweit sie als chemische Individuen in der Literatur beschrieben sind, zu einem anschaulichen und ubersichtlichem Bilde zusammenzufassen. Die Begrenzung lag dabei in dem Oharakter des Buches als Lehrbuch. Daruber hinaus ist aber die neuere Literatur sorgsam zusammengetragen worden, so dass die Hoffnung berechtigt ist, dass das Buch auch bei der Planung und Aufnahme neuer Arbeiten vielleicht von Nutzen ist. Wenn der erste Band durch die Lauterung des Inhaltes in drei Auf lagen gewonnen haben sollte, so durften diesem Bande die Erfahrungen aus dem von mir geschriebenen Abschnitt in V. Meyer-Paul Jacobsons Lehrbuch der organischen Ohemie uber nichtglykosidische naturliche Farbstoffe und aus langjahrigen Vorlesungen uber naturliche Farbstoffe zugute gekommen sein. Ich bin mir aber bewusst, wie schwierig die fassliche Darstellung eines so verzweigten und ungleichmassigen Gebietes ist und welche Bedenken einer starkeren Kritik an manchen hier uber nommenen Arbeiten entgegenstehen. Um so grosser wird die Freude an dem Fortschritt auf so vielen wichtigen Gebieten neuzeitlicher Forschung sein. Frankfurt a.M., 24. November 1934. Fritz Mayer. Inhaltsverzeichnis."