Mitochondria are sometimes called the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells, because mitochondria are the site of ATP synthesis in the cell. ATP is the universal energy currency, it provides the power that runs all other life processes. Humans need oxygen to survive because of ATP synthesis in mitochondria. The sugars from our diet are converted to carbon dioxide in mitochondria in a process that requires oxygen. Just like a fire needs oxygen to burn, our mitochondria need oxygen to make ATP. From textbooks and popular literature one can easily get the impression that all mitochondria require oxygen. But that is not the case. There are many groups of organismsm known that make ATP in mitochondria without the help of oxygen. They have preserved biochemical relicts from the early evolution of eukaryotic cells, which took place during times in Earth history when there was hardly any oxygen avaiable, certainly not enough to breathe. How the anaerobic forms of mitochondria work, in which organisms they occur, and how the eukaryotic anaerobes that possess them fit into the larger picture of rising atmospheric oxygen during Earth history are the topic of this book.

The need to understand the migration between the United States and Mexico is greater today than at any time in its century long history. Its volume and complexity are greater than most observers might have imagined even a decade ago; and it operates in a context charged with serious human, political, and security challenges. Yet, there is often confusion over the most fundamental questions about the demography, economics, and political nature of the movement and its policy responses. The editors of this book bring together a team of top policy-oriented migration experts from Mexico and the United States to provide an up-to-date analysis leading to grounded policy recommendations for both governments. Their conclusions derive from new analyses as well as from detailed discussions with policy-makers. Contributors assess the main characteristics, trends, and factors influencing Mexico-U.S. migration and recommend actions that should improve migration management, substantially reduce undocumented flows, and refocus Mexican migration into legal channels. Also contained within this book are recommendations of development strategies in Mexico that should reduce mid- to long-term emigration pressures. The book shows that collaboration between the U.S. and Mexico is not only possible, but necessary, as unilateral reforms will continue to fail until both governments act together to regulate the flow, improve conditions for the migrants, and make sure that migration has positive social and economic impacts on both countries.

Traditions of Christian Spirituality Series. Traces the spiritual legacy of Saint Augustine and of his wide-ranging legacy in the Augustinian order.

This issue of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America will cover regenerative medicine. Rapid advances in stem cell science are opening new avenues for drug discovery and may lead to new uses of stem cells for other musculoskeletal disorders. Artcles to be included are: Evidence-Based Regenerative Prolotherapy and Perineural Injection Approaches; Platelet Rich Plasma; Autologous Conditioned Serum; Stem Cell Considerations for the Clinician; Adipose Derived Stromal Vascular Faction and Stem Cell Use, as well as many others.

This issue of Surgical Clinics of North America, guest edited by Drs. Ronald Martin and Paul Schenarts, is devoted to Development of a Surgeon: Medical School through Retirement. They have assembled expert authors to review the following topics: Residency Surgical Training at a University Academic Medical Center; Fellowship Training: Need and Contributions; Evolving Educational Techniques in Surgical Training; Transition to Practice: From Trainee to Staff Surgeon; The Value of the Surgeon Emeritus; Alternative Methods and Funding for Surgical Training; Medical School Training for the Surgeon; Residency Surgical Training at an Independent Academic Medical Center; Assessment of Competence: The ACGME/RRC Perspective; Assessment of Competence: The American Board of Surgery Perspective; The Impaired Surgeon; Continuing Medical Education: The American College of Surgeons Perspective; Workforce Needs and Demands in Surgery, and more!

The study of Augustine's political teachings has suffered from a history of misreadings, both ancient and modern. It is only in recent years that the traditional lines of "Augustinian pessimism" have been opened to question. Scholars have begun to explore the broader lines of Augustine's political thought in his letters and sermons, and thus have been able to place his classic text, The City of God, in its proper context. The essays in this volume take stock of these recent developments and revisit old assumptions about the significance of Augustine of Hippo for political thought. They do so from many different perspectives, examining the anthropological and theological underpinnings of Augustine's thought, his critique of politics, his development of his own political thought, and some of the later manifestations or uses of his thought in the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and today. This new vision is at once more bracing, more hopeful, and more diverse than earlier readings could have allowed.

A growing share of the world's population lives in the 175 developing countries, while global income and wealth are increasingly concentrated in the 25 developed countries. The resulting migration from developing to developed countries is proving difficult to manage at national, regional, and local levels. Managing Migration presents the valuable results of the Cooperative Efforts to Manage Emigration project, a bottom-up effort to identify models and best practices for spurring economic development and respect for human rights in migrant countries of origin. Based on the research of experts from North America and Europe, authors Martin, Martin, and Weil discuss the challenges of managing international migration in the 21st century, present case studies in cooperative migration management, and offer recommendations to overcome the existing challenges. Concluding that there is no one-size-fits-all framework for managing migration, but that there are common elements of best-practice migration, Managing Migration is guaranteed to pique the interest of policy makers and practitioners involved in immigration as well as scholars of geography, anthropology, and international relations.

The mathematical theory of networks and systems has a long, and rich history, with antecedents in circuit synthesis and the analysis, design and synthesis of actuators, sensors and active elements in both electrical and mechanical systems. Fundamental paradigms such as the state-space real ization of an input/output system, or the use of feedback to prescribe the behavior of a closed-loop system have proved to be as resilient to change as were the practitioners who used them. This volume celebrates the resiliency to change of the fundamental con cepts underlying the mathematical theory of networks and systems. The articles presented here are among those presented as plenary addresses, invited addresses and minisymposia presented at the 12th International Symposium on the Mathematical Theory of Networks and Systems, held in St. Louis, Missouri from June 24 - 28, 1996. Incorporating models and methods drawn from biology, computing, materials science and math ematics, these articles have been written by leading researchers who are on the vanguard of the development of systems, control and estimation for the next century, as evidenced by the application of new methodologies in distributed parameter systems, linear nonlinear systems and stochastic sys tems for solving problems in areas such as aircraft design, circuit simulation, imaging, speech synthesis and visionics."

A small but growing number of immigrants today are moving into new settlement areas, such as Winchester, Va., Greensboro, N.C., and Salt Lake City, Utah, that lack a tradition of accepting newcomers. Just as the process is difficult and distressing for the immigrants, it is likewise a significant cause of stress for the regions in which they settle. Long homogeneous communities experience overnight changes in their populations and in the demands placed on schools, housing, law enforcement, social services, and other aspects of infrastructure. Institutions have not been well prepared to cope. Local governments have not had any significant experience with newcomers and nongovernmental organizations have been overburdened or simply nonexistent. There has been a substantial amount of discussion about these new settlement areas during the past decade, but relatively little systematic examination of the effects of immigration or the policy and programmatic responses to it. Beyond the Gateway is the first effort to bridge the gaps in communication not only between the immigrants and the institutions with which they interact, but also among diverse communities across the United States dealing with the same stresses but ignorant of each others' responses, whether successes or failures.

This Trends in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy Symposium was held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 27 29 August 1999. This is the seventh international symposium, sponsored by Axcan Pharma Canada Inc., since the first symposium in 1986. The Canadian Association of Gastroenterology has co-sponsored these symposia since 1990. Each symposium has been published, and reflects and updates the extensive research and education, and the understanding of the mechanisms and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. From the beginning, Canadian and international experts have been involved, maintaining a consistently high quality, both in their presentations, during discussions, and the subsequent publication of their work. There have been major advances since the symposium held two years ago, and these are presented in this book. In keeping with modern educational practice, objectives are provided, and all presentations were subject to written independent evalu ation. All participants are asked to declare any conflicts of interest. MOCOMP and educational credits are available."

Comprehensive resource detailing the latest advances in microwave and wireless sensors implemented in planar technology Planar Microwave Sensors is an authoritative resource on the subject, discussing the main relevant sensing strategies, working principles, and applications on the basis of the authors' own experience and background, while also highlighting the most relevant contributions to the topic reported by international research groups. The authors provide an overview of planar microwave sensors grouped by chapters according to their working principle. In each chapter, the working principle is explained in detail and the specific sensor design strategies are discussed, including validation examples at both simulation and experimental level. The most suited applications in each case are also reported. The necessary theory and analysis for sensor design are further provided, with special emphasis on performance improvement (i.e., sensitivity and resolution optimization, dynamic range, etc.). Lastly, the work covers a number of applications, from material characterization to biosensing, including motion control sensors, microfluidic sensors, industrial sensors, and more. Sample topics covered in the work include: Non-resonant and resonant sensors, reflective-mode and transmission-mode sensors, single-ended and differential sensors, and contact and contactless sensors Design guidelines for sensor performance optimization and analytical methods to retrieve the variables of interest from the measured sensor responses Radiofrequency identification (RFID) sensor types, prospective applications, and materials/technologies towards "green sensors" implementation Comparisons between different technologies for sensing and the advantages and limitations of microwave sensors, particularly planar sensors Engineers and qualified professionals involved in sensor technologies, along with undergraduate and graduate students in related programs of study, can harness the valuable information inside Planar Microwave Sensors to gain complete foundational knowledge on the subject and stay up to date on the latest research and developments in the field.

This issue of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics, guest editors by Dr. Santos Martinez will focus on Non-Spine Ablation Procedures. Dr. Martinez also serves as the series Consulting Editor, selecting our four topics for publication each year. Topics discussed in his issue include: Radiofrequency Ablation for Craniofacial Pain Syndromes; RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION FOR THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL CHRONIC PAIN SYNDROMES; Shoulder Anatomy; Radiofrequency Ablation Shoulder; Less Common Pelvic Ablation Procedures; Sacroiliac Joint Anatomy; Sacroiliac Ablation Techniques; Hip Joint Anatomy; Hip Ablation Techniques; Knee Anatomy; Knee Ablation Approaches; Ankle Foot Anatomy; and Ankle-Foot Ablation Procedures. Provides in-depth, clinical reviews on Non-Spine Ablation Procedures, providing actionable insights for clinical practice. Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field; Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create these timely topic-based reviews. Contains 16 relevant, practice-oriented topics including Science of Radiofrequency Ablation; Cranio-Facial Conditions and Ablation; Less Common Pelvic Ablation Procedures; and more.

Gwen leaves her no-good, cheating husband and moves back to her hometown. Shortly thereafter, she discovers that her old boyfriend is in jail awaiting a prison term. After attending his sentencing, she realizes that she still has feelings for him. Through open letters and contact visits, Gwen and Willie begin to develop a closeness that they never shared before. Willie learns the gift of giving himself as he stumbles his way back into Gwen's heart. Gwen finds solace in a man who, unlike her husband, knows the right words to say to make her feel complete. Together they face obstacles while learning the true meaning of faith, trust, and commitment. Such obstacles have also changed the fate of one confused boy, one letter at a time.

Based on actual experiences, this story of trials and tribulations focuses on African American relationships today, but women of all nationalities who have experienced deceit or disrespect from the men in their lives will find it relevant.

Despite rivalries, crises, and notoriously violent internal political processes, South American states have paradoxically avoided a major intraregional, interstate war since 1935. Martin examines why and how intraregional, interstate relations in South America remained relatively peaceful. This analysisis theoretically and empirically interesting because in this region, the conditions for war assumed by political realism were present, yet a major war did not erupt. Conversely, the conditions for interstate peace presupposed by international liberalism were absent, but intraregional peace prevailed for over sixty-five years. Martin derives several realist and liberal propositions on the causes of war and peace and tests them, utilizing evidence from the peace in South America, as well as developing and discussing the "Militarist Peace" hypothesis.

Los Angeles is a global crossroads of migrating communities that presents a case study of migration, transnationalism, and interfaith engagement with significant implications for thinking and practice in other global hubs. This book weaves together contributions from a group of internationally-recognized scholars who were brought together for the 2020 Missiology Lectures at Fuller Theological Seminary, which received funding from the Luce Foundation. They examine historical waves of migration - European Protestant, Asian, Latino/a, and Muslim - into Southern California and use sociological, missiological, and theological methods to understand the experience of migration and its effects, both on those who move and those who are already there. The result shows how migrants are inspired and sustained by faith and spiritual resources; how migration challenges faith communities about their identity and attitudes to others; how faith communities in turn impact the migration landscape through immigrant integration and public advocacy, and how migration forges new transnational and global ways of being in community and innovative religious movements. The contributors put forward a mission theology of migration and suggest mission practices in response to the suffering caused by forced migration and the injustices of immigration systems.