The Irish Famine of 1845-49 was a major modern catastrophe. The return of the potato blight in 1846 triggered a huge exodus of destitute Irish seeking refuge in British towns and 1847 witnessed an unprecedented inflow of Irish refugees into Britain. This book examines the scale of that refugee immigration, the conditions under which the refugees were carried to Britain, the relief operations mounted, the horrors of the typhus epidemic in Liverpool, Glasgow, Manchester, South Wales and the North-East, and the financial cost to the British ratepayers.

The Irish Famine of 1845-49 was a major modern catastrophe. The return of the potato blight in 1846 triggered a huge exodus of destitute Irish seeking refuge in British towns and 1847 witnessed an unprecedented inflow of Irish refugees into Britain. This book examines the scale of that refugee immigration, the conditions under which the refugees were carried to Britain, the relief operations mounted, the horrors of the typhus epidemic in Liverpool, Glasgow, Manchester, South Wales and the North-East, and the financial cost to the British ratepayers.

Research in optical information technology in Europe has been very active inrecent years. This volume records state-of-the-art research conducted in some 22 laboratories who have worked together within EC ESPRIT Basic Research Action 3199 up to 1992. The topics cover: (1) Active optical logic and switching devices - embracing new materials, nonlinear and electrooptic mechanisms as well as advanced device fabrication. These devices cover the range from all-optical nonlinear interferometer structures through hybrid optical-electronic modulators to integrated emitter-receiver structures. (2) The latest state of optical interconnect technology, embracing diffractive optics (binary and multi-level phase gratings), holographic space-variant elements and micro-refractive optics. (3) Contributions on optical information processing architecture and demonstrator projects. The materials base ranges from silicon to II-VI materials with the realisation of pn-junction devices in ZnSe. The research reported here lays the basis for long-term progress in devices for information processing.

Imbolc-also known as Brigid's Day-is a time to start making plans for the future, sowing the fields of the land as well as the mind. This guide to the history and modern celebration of Imbolc shows you how to per-form rituals and magic to celebrate and work with the energy of the re-awakening earth. This well-rounded introduction to Imbolc comes complete with correspondences, rituals, recipes, and lore. Recipes include yogurt cheese, homemade butter, soda bread, and fortune cookies, while crafts include how to make a Brigid's Cross, a corn dolly, Imbolc incense, and hand-dipping your own can-dles.

Carl F. Neal's classic, bestselling book on making incense with natural ingredients has now been expanded and updated. This new edition includes twice as many ingredients, twice as many base materials, three times as many incense binders, twice as many recipes, expanded information about natural charcoal, a new section on making incense from ingredients from the local supermarket, an extensively expanded and updated chapter on making incense, and two new rituals.

Incense is your complete guide to making your own homemade blends. Whether you want to make loose, stick, coil, or cone incense, you'll find detailed instructions for everything from finding the right ingredients to proper drying methods. Explore your "scent-uality" and celebrate your connection to the spiritual side of life. "As an herbalist, craftsperson, and teacher myself, I find this book essential . . . I highly recommend it and will sell it at my own store."--New Age Retailer