CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM UNDER THE SULTANS by THE LATE F. W. HASLUCK. Originally published in 1929. VOLUME II: THE SACRED FOWLS OF SAINT JAMES. Contents include: PART III MISCELLANEA XXV. PLATO IN THE FOLK-LORE OF THE KONIA PLAIN 363-9 XXVI. CHRISTIANITY* AND ISLAM UNDER THE SULTANS OF KONIA 370-8 XXVII. THE INSCRIPTIONS OF S. CHARITON'S 379-83 XXVIII. THE BLESSING OF THE WATERS. . 384-90 XXIX.' THE FORTY' 391-402 XXX. HAIDAR, KHOJA AHMED, KARAJA AHMED 403-5 XXXI. THE' TOMB OF S. POLYCARP' . . 406-28 Introductory. ........ 406 1. The Traditional Tomb and its History. . . . 406 2. The Value of Tradition at Smyrna .... 414 3. The Anti-dervish Movement of 1656-76 . . . 419 4. The Ruins on the Castle-hill ..... 423 XXXII. SARI SALTIK 429-39 1. At Kaliakra ........ 429 2. At Eski Baba . . . . . . . 431 3. At Baba Dagh ........ 432 4. At Kruya ......... 434 5. Bektashi Propaganda ....... 437 XXXIII. S. JOHN' THE RUSSIAN' . . . 440-1 XXXIV. RENEGADE SAINTS 442-51 XXXV. NEO-MARTYRS OF THE ORTHODOX CHURCH 452-9 XXXVI. STAG AND SAINT 460-5 XXXVII. THE SAINTS OF ARMUDLU . . 466-8 vi Conte > ls XXXVIII. THE CRYPTO-CHRIJTIANS OF TREBI ZOND 469-74 XXXIX. LISTS OF HETERODOX TRIBES . . 475-82 1. Yuruk Tribes 475~ 8 i. According to Tsakyroglous ..... 475 ii. According to Langlois ..... 478 2. Turkoman Tribes ...... 478-82 i. According to P. Russell ..... 478 ii. According to Burckhardt ..... 480 iii. Afshars according to Grothe . . . .482 iv. Cilician Kurds according to Langlois ., . 482 XL. HAJI BEKTASH AND THE JANISSARIES . 483-93 Introductory. . . . . . . . - 483 1. The Date of the Institution of the Janissaries . . 484 2. The Personality of Haji Bektash ..... 488 3. The Connexion of Haji Bektashwith the Janissaries . 489 XLI. GEORGE OF HUNGARY, CHAPTER XV . 494-9 Introductory ........ 494 Translation ......... 495 XLII. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE BEK TASHI 500-51 Introductory. ........ 500 1. Asia Minor 502-13 A. Vilayet of Angora ...... 502 B. Vilayet of Konia ...... 506 C. Vilayet of Smyrna ( Aidin) ..... 507 D. Vilayet of Brusa ( Khudavendkiar) . . . 508 E. Vilayet of Kastamuni . . . . . 511 F. Vilayet of Sivas . . . . . . 5 1 1 2. Mesopotamia . . . . . . . .514 3-Egypt 5H 4. Constantinople ....... 516-18 A. European side . . . . . . .516 B. Asiatic side 517 Ct ntents vii 5. Turkey in Europe 518-22 A. Gallipoli Peninsula . . . . . .518 B. District of Adrianople . . . . .518 6. Bulgaria ........ 522-3 7. Rumania ......... 523 8. Serbia ........ 523-5 9. Greece ........ 5 2 5~ 36 A. Macedonia ....... 525 B. Thessaly . . . . . . . 531 C. Crete ........ 534 D. Epirus . . . . . . . .536 10. Albania ........ 536-51 i. Argyrokastro ....... 541 ii. Tepelen ........ 542 iii. Klissura ........ 543 iv. Premet ........ 544 v. Liaskovik ....... 545 vi. Kolonia ........ 545 vii. Koritza ........ 545 viii. Kesaraka. . . . . . .547 ix. Frasheri ........ 547 x. Tomor ........ 548 xi. Berat ........ 549 xii. Elbassan ........ 549 xiii. Kruya ........ 549 xiv. Martanesh . . . . . . - 551 xv. Dibra . . . . . . . - 551 11. Austro-Hungary . . . . . . . 551 A. Bosnia . . . . . . . 551 B. Buda-Pest . . . . . . . 551 XLIII. BEKTASHI PAGES 552-63 Introductory. . . . . . . . 552 1. Translation ........ 554 2. Glossary of Albanian Religious Terms .... 562 viii Cont nts XLIV. AMBIGUOUS SANCTUARIES AND BEK TASHI PROPAGANDA 564-96 Introductory. . . . . . . . .564 1. Bektashism and Orthodox Islam....' 65-7 2. Bektashism and Christianity in Asia Minor . . 568-76 i. Haji Bektash Tekke ..... 571 ii. Haidar-es-Sultan Tekke ..... 572 iii. Tekke of Sidi Battal ..... 573 iv. Shamaspur Tekke ...... 573 v. Tekke of Nusr-ed-din ( Kirklar Tekke), Zile . 574 vi. S. Nerses, Rumkale. .

CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM UNDER THE SULTANS by THE LATE F. W. HASLUCK, Originally published in 1929. EDITOR'S NOTE: MY husband spent most of his life from 1899 to 1916 in Greece and Turkey. During the first fourteen years of this period, working as an archaeologist rather than as an orientalist, he studied at various times the classical archaeology of Greece, the medieval and modern* history of Smyrna, the rise and development of the Orthodox monasteries of Mount Athos, the records of medieval geography and travel in the Near East, and the Genoese and Venetian coins and heraldry found in that area. The fruits of these studies were several books and some fifty articles. In the spring of 1913 he visited Konia, the ancient Iconium. There he became interested in the interplay of Christianity and Islam within the Turkish empire, and from that time this subject and its derivatives occupied most of his attention. The result of his researches is this work, the first comprehensive study of Turkish folk-lore and its relations with Christianity. The inequalities of the work, however, are so obvious that they call for an explanation of the circumstances in which it has been written and published. After his visit to Konia the author read and wrote steadily until the outbreak of the war. His delicate health made active military service impossible, and he continued his researches, amid ever-increasing diffi culties, until the summer of 1915. Then he joined the Intelligence Department of the British Legation at Athens, where use was found for his exceptional know ledge of the languages and general conditions of the Near East. He found the work uncongenial, but he devoted himself entirely to it and had onlyhis weekly holiday for writing. Late in 1916 the lung trouble that had long sapped his strength was diagnosed and he was sent to Switzerland. There was considerable danger from German submarines at that time on the sea journey from Greece to Italy, and to avoid risk of loss he left behind him in Athens such of his manuscripts as did not exist in duplicate. In Switzerland he con tinued to read and to write, so far as his gradually de clining health and strength allowed. He died there on February 22, 1920, a few days after his forty-second birthday. It then fell to me to publish as much of his work as possible. On the present subject he had intended to publish two books, the first entitled' Transferences from Christianity to Islam and Vice Versa' and the second' Studies in Turkish Popular History and Religion \ Since, however, their contents were cognate and' Studies' was left very unfinished, my friends advised their fusion. This has been carried out, ' Transferences' being represented in the present edition by Part I and Chapters XXV-XXXVIII of Part III, and' Studies' by Part II and Chapters XXXIX-LX of Part III. The title of the present edition was given by me. Very few of the manuscripts had passed the author as ready for publication. One-third of the total number were nearly ready. Four-fifths of the others, including those in Athens, were in a provisional form, and one fifth existed only in notes. In my editorial work I have preserved the original text as scrupulously as possible. Certain repetitions were deleted after the two books were combined, and defective chapters have been writ ten up and completed to the best of my ability, but these are the only parts of the textwhich are not as my husband wrote them.

F. W. Hasluck (1878-1920) was an English archaeologist interested in the history of Asia Minor. Based in the British School of Athens for much of his career, he was appointed Assistant Director of the School between 1911 and 1915. After assisting with a survey of the city of Cyzicus and its surrounding area between 1902 and 1906, he published this history of the city as part of the Cambridge Archaeological and Ethnological Series in 1910. By charting the processes affecting the city from ancient to contemporary times, Hasluck provides an overall interpretation of its transformation through time. This together with his consideration of the political, cultural and economic influence of the city, rather than its ancient administrative boundaries, pioneered a holistic approach to archaeological interpretation very similar to modern methods. This book is divided into four parts, focusing on the topography, history, religion and government of the city.

Text extracted from opening pages of book: CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM UNDER THE SULTANS BY THE LATE F. W. HASLUCK, M. A. Formerly Fett& iv & f~~ Ring* s College Cambridge; Librarian of the British School at Athens EDITED BY MARGARET M. HASLUCK B. A. ( CANTAB.), M. A. ( ABDN.) Wilson Travelling Fellow in Aberdeen University, 19213 1926-8 VOLUME II OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1929 Printed in Great Britain THE SACRED FOWLS OF SAINT JAMES CONTENTS PART III MISCELLANEA XXV. PLATO IN THE FOLK-LORE OF THE KONIA PLAIN 363-9 XXVI. CHRISTIANITY* AND ISLAM UNDER THE SULTANS OF KONIA 370-8 XXVII. THE INSCRIPTIONS OF S. CHARITON'S 379-83 XXVIII. THE BLESSING OF THE WATERS. . 384-90 XXIX.' THE FORTY' 391-402 XXX. HAIDAR, KHOJA AHMED, KARAJA AHMED 403-5 XXXI. THE' TOMB OF S. POLYCARP' . . 406-28 Introductory. ........ 406 1. The Traditional Tomb and its History. . . . 406 2. The Value of Tradition at Smyrna .... 414 3. The Anti-dervish Movement of 1656-76 . . . 419 4. The Ruins on the Castle-hill ..... 423 XXXII. SARI SALTIK 429-39 1. At Kaliakra ........ 429 2. At Eski Baba . . . . . . . 431 3. At Baba Dagh ........ 432 4. At Kruya ......... 434 5. Bektashi Propaganda ....... 437 XXXIII. S. JOHN' THE RUSSIAN' . . . 440-1 XXXIV. RENEGADE SAINTS 442-51 XXXV. NEO-MARTYRS OF THE ORTHODOX CHURCH 452-9 XXXVI. STAG AND SAINT 460-5 XXXVII. THE SAINTS OF ARMUDLU . . 466-8 vi Conte > ls XXXVIII. THE CRYPTO-CHRIJTIANS OF TREBI ZOND 469-74 XXXIX. LISTS OF HETERODOX TRIBES . . 475-82 1. Yuruk Tribes 475~ 8 i. According to Tsakyroglous ..... 475 ii. According to Langlois ..... 478 2. Turkoman Tribes ...... 478-82 i. According to P. Russell ..... 478 ii. According to Burckhardt ..... 480 iii. Afshars accordingto Grothe . . . .482 iv. Cilician Kurds according to Langlois ., . 482 XL. HAJI BEKTASH AND THE JANISSARIES . 483-93 Introductory. . . . . . . . - 483 1. The Date of the Institution of the Janissaries . . 484 2. The Personality of Haji Bektash ..... 488 3. The Connexion of Haji Bektash with the Janissaries . 489 XLI. GEORGE OF HUNGARY, CHAPTER XV . 494-9 Introductory ........ 494 Translation ......... 495 XLII. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE BEK TASHI 500-51 Introductory. ........ 500 1. Asia Minor 502-13 A. Vilayet of Angora ...... 502 B. Vilayet of Konia ...... 506 C. Vilayet of Smyrna ( Aidin) ..... 507 D. Vilayet of Brusa ( Khudavendkiar) . . . 508 E. Vilayet of Kastamuni . . . . . 511 F. Vilayet of Sivas . . . . . . 5 1 1 2. Mesopotamia . . . . . . . .514 3-Egypt 5H 4. Constantinople ....... 516-18 A. European side . . . . . . .516 B. Asiatic side 517 Ct ntents vii 5. Turkey in Europe 518-22 A. Gallipoli Peninsula . . . . . .518 B. District of Adrianople . . . . .518 6. Bulgaria ........ 522-3 7. Rumania ......... 523 8. Serbia ........ 523-5 9. Greece ........ 5 2 5~ 36 A. Macedonia ....... 525 B. Thessaly . . . . . . . 531 C. Crete ........ 534 D. Epirus . . . . . . . .536 10. Albania ........ 536-51 i. Argyrokastro ....... 541 ii. Tepelen ........ 542 iii. Klissura ........ 543 iv. Premet ........ 544 v. Liaskovik ....... 545 vi. Kolonia ........ 545 vii. Koritza ........ 545 viii. Kesaraka. . . . . . .547 ix. Frasheri ........ 547 x. Tomor ........ 548 xi. Berat ........ 549 xii. Elbassan ........ 549 xiii. Kruya ........ 549 xiv. Martanesh . . . . . . - 551 xv. Dibra . . . . . . . - 551 11. Austro-Hungary . . . . . . . 551 A. Bosnia . . . . . . . 551 B. Buda-Pest . . . . . .. 551 XLIII. BEKTASHI PAGES 552-63 Introductory. . . . . . . . 552 1. Translation ........ 554 2. Glossary of Albanian Religious Terms .... 562 viii Cont nts XLIV. AMBIGUOUS SANCTUARIES AND BEK TASHI PROPAGANDA 564-96 Introductory. . . . . . . . .564 1. Bektashism and Orthodox Islam ....' 65-7 2. Bektashism and Christianity in Asia Minor . . 568-76 i. Haji Bektash Tekke ..... 571 ii. Haidar-es-Sultan Tekke ..... 572 iii. Tekke of Sidi Battal ..... 573 iv. Shamaspur Tekke ...... 573 v. Tekke of Nusr-ed-din ( Kirklar Tekke), Zile . 574 vi. S. Nerses, Rumkale. .

Text extracted from opening pages of book: CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM UNDER THE SULTANS BY THE LATE F. W. HASLUCK, M. A. Formerly Fell& w of King's College Cambridge; Librarian of the British School at Athens EDITED RY MARGARET M. HASLUCK B. A. ( CANTAB.), M. A. ( ABDN.) Wilson Travelling Fellow in Aberdeen University, 19213 1926-8 VOL. I OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1929 BY THE SAME AUTHOR Cyzicus, Athos and its Monasteries Letters on Religion and Folk-lore, Joint Author ( with H. H. Jewell) of The Church of our Lady of the Hundred Gates at Paros Printed in Great Britain K C/ 3 H O W w W h EDITOR'S NOTE MY husband spent most of his life from 1899 to 1916 in Greece and Turkey. During the first fourteen years of this period, working as an archaeologist rather than as an orientalist, he studied at various times the classical archaeology of Greece, the medieval and modern* history of Smyrna, the rise and development of the Orthodox monasteries of Mount Athos, the records of medieval geography and travel in the Near East, and the Genoese and Venetian coins and heraldry found in that area. The fruits of these studies were several books and some fifty articles. In the spring of 1913 he visited Konia, the ancient Iconium. There he became interested in the interplay of Christianity and Islam within the Turkish empire, and from that time this subject and its derivatives occupied most of his attention. The result of his researches is this work, the first comprehensive study of Turkish folk-lore and its relations with Christianity. The inequalities of the work, however, are so obvious that they call for an explanation of the circumstances in which it has been written and published. After his visit toKonia the author read and wrote steadily until the outbreak of the war. His delicate health made active military service impossible, and he continued his researches, amid ever-increasing diffi culties, until the summer of 1915. Then he joined the Intelligence Department of the British Legation at Athens, where use was found for his exceptional know ledge of the languages and general conditions of the Near East. He found the work uncongenial, but he devoted himself entirely to it and had only his weekly holiday for writing. Late in 1916 the lung trouble that had long sapped his strength was diagnosed and he was sent to Switzerland. There was considerable danger vi Editor's Note from German submarines at that time on the sea journey from Greece to Italy, and to avoid risk of loss he left behind him in Athens such of his manuscripts as did not exist in duplicate. In Switzerland he con tinued to read and to write, so far as his gradually de clining health and strength allowed. He died there on February 22, 1920, a few days after his forty-second birthday. It then fell to me to publish as much of his work as possible. On the present subject he had intended to publish two books, the first entitled' Transferences from Christianity to Islam and Vice Versa' and the second' Studies in Turkish Popular History and Religion \ Since, however, their contents were cognate and' Studies' was left very unfinished, my friends advised their fusion. This has been carried out, ' Transferences' being represented in the present edition by Part I and Chapters XXV-XXXVIII of Part III, and' Studies' by Part II and Chapters XXXIX-LX of Part III. The title of the present edition was given by me. Very few ofthe manuscripts had passed the author as ready for publication. One-third of the total number were nearly ready. Four-fifths of the others, including those in Athens, were in a provisional form, and one fifth existed only in notes. In my editorial work I have preserved the original text as scrupulously as possible. Certain repetitions were deleted after the two books were combined, and defective chapters have been writ ten up and completed to the best of my ability, but these are the only parts of the text which are not as my husband wrote them. In such alterati