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This book aims to cast light on all aspects of tunnel fires, based
on experimental activities and theoretical and computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) analyses. In particular, the authors describe a
transient full-scale fire test (~15 MW), explaining how they
designed and performed the experimental activity inside the Morgex
North tunnel in Italy. The entire organization of the experiment is
described, from preliminary evaluations to the solutions found for
management of operational difficulties and safety issues. This fire
test allowed the collection of different measurements (temperature,
air velocity, smoke composition, pollutant species) useful for
validating and improving CFD codes and for testing the real
behavior of the tunnel and its safety systems during a diesel oil
fire with a significant heat release rate. Finally, the fire
dynamics are compared with empirical correlations, CFD simulations,
and literature measurements obtained in other similar tunnel fire
tests. This book will be of interest to all engineers and public
officials who are concerned with the nature, prevention, and
management of tunnel fires.
This book illustrates a new quantitative risk analysis model for
road tunnels that is capable of evaluating the role of
infrastructure measures, equipment and management procedures as
prescribed by EU Directive 2004/54/EC. The risk assessment draws on
the typical F-N curves of societal risk, evaluated with the help of
event tree analysis, vehicle queue formation dynamics, and users'
egress and tenability models. In addition, the model considers the
reliability of the safety measures. The work provides essential
guidance on the following aspects: how a quantitative model can be
implemented to evaluate risk in road tunnels; how to build an event
tree for the accident scenarios considered; how to simulate the
vehicle queue formation; how to simulate the evolution of accident
scenarios; and how to simulate the users' egress. Given its scope
and depth of coverage, the book will be of interest to all
engineers whose work involves fire protection and safety in
tunnels, all persons engaged in safety and transport engineering or
risk analysis for road tunnels, as well as public and private
bodies involved in the application of Directive 2004/54/EC.
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