Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

A History of Africa is a powerful narrative history of the continent from its beginnings to the twenty-first century.
Long established at the forefront of African Studies, the fourth edition of this classic history brings the book up to date to address the events of the 1990s. The issues discussed include:
* post-apartheid South Africa
* the prospects for democratisation in Africa at the beginning of the new millennium
* developments in Muslim North Africa including the threat of Islamic fundamentalism
* economic and social developments including the devastating impact of the Third World debt and the provision of debt relief
* cultural, environmental and gender issues in Modern Africa.

This book explores the connections between risk and responsibilisation in official communication to the public about the global risks of the pandemic and climate change. Our media spheres in the 2020s have been saturated with information about what we should or should not be doing to meet the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change. Although the ability of risk communication to ‘responsibilise’ the public is central to its functioning in our societies, this aspect has so far been under-investigated in academia. To address this lacuna, Antoinette Fage-Butler develops a discursive approach to risk communication that focuses on the values that are communicated in risk messages. Examples of official risk communication about the pandemic and climate change from national and transnational contexts are analysed and compared, leading to new empirical findings and theoretical insights about the nature of risk and responsibilisation. Fage-Butler also builds on recent stirrings in the evolving field of risk communication that highlight the importance of cultural and value-related factors. Overall, this book will equip researchers with an approach to risk communication that reflects the complexity of today’s global risk challenges. Risk and Responsibilisation in Public Communication will be of great interest to students and scholars of risk communication, public health and environmental studies.

This collection elaborates an innovative analytical framework for knowledge communication, bringing together insights from a range of professional settings to highlight how a cross-disciplinary approach can promote a new view of knowledge that emphasizes constructivist and cognitivist perspectives. The volume seeks to draw connections between different disciplines’ traditionally disparate studies of knowledge communication, defined here as the communication of domain knowledge between experts of the same discipline, experts of different disciplines, or non-experts with an interest in developing expert knowledge. Featuring work from scholars across linguistics, corporate communication, and sociology on diverse professional environments, chapters focus on one of three central aspects in the communication of expert knowledge: the textual carrier of the interaction, the roles and relationships between parties in these interactions, and the contexts in which the texts and communication occur. Taken together, the collection elucidates the value of an approach that supposes that expertise is co-created in interaction under the conditions of human cognitive systems and that knowledge asymmetries can offer both challenges and opportunities to better understand and generate new forms of communication and specialized knowledge. This book will be of interest to scholars interested in language and communication, professional communication, organizational communication, and sociology of knowledge.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First International Conference on Formal Methods in Macro-Biology, FMMB 2014, held in Noumea, New Caledonia, in September 2014. The 7 revised full and 3 short papers presented together with 7 invited presentations were carefully reviewed and selected from 17 submissions. The scientific program consists of papers on a wide variety of topics, including ecological systems, medical applications, logical frameworks, and discrete continuous and hybrid models for the analysis of biological systems at macroscopic levels.

Constraint programming (CP) is a powerful programming paradigm for the declarativedescription and the e?ective solving of largecombinatorialproblems. Basedonastrongtheoreticalfoundation,itisincreasinglyattractingcommercial interest. Since the 1990s, CP has been deployed by many industry leaders, in particular to model heterogeneous optimization and satisfaction problems. - amples of application domains where such problems naturally arise, and where constraint programming has made a valuable contribution, are scheduling, p- duction planning, communication networks, routing, planning of satellite m- sions, robotics, and bioinformatics. This volumecontainsthe papers selectedfor the post-proceedingsof the13th International Workshop on Constraint Solving and Constraint Logic Progr- ming(CSCLP2008)heldduringJune18-20,2008inRome,Italy.Thisworkshop was organized as the 13th meeting of the working group on Constraints of the EuropeanResearchConsortiumforInformaticsandMathematics(ERCIM),c- tinuing a series of workshops organized since the creation of the working group in 1997. A selection of papers of these annual workshops plus some additional contributions have been published since 2002 in a series of volumes which ill- trate the evolutioninthe ?eld, under the title "RecentAdvances in Constraints" in the Lecture Notes in Arti?cial Intelligence series.

Constraint programming supports a great ambition for computer programming: the one of making programming essentially a modeling task, with equations, constraints, and logicalformulas. This ?eld emerged in the mid-1980sborrowing conceptsfromlogicprogramming, operationsresearch, andarti?cialintelligence. Its foundation is the use of relations on mathematical variables to compute with partial information systems. The successes of constraint programming for so- ing combinatorial optimization problems in industry or commerce are related to the advances made in the ?eld on new constraint propagationtechniques and on declarativelanguageswhich allowcontrolonthe mixing of heterogeneousreso- tiontechniquessuchasnumerical, symbolic, deductive, andheuristictechniques. This volumecontainsthe papers selectedfor the post-proceedingsof the12th International Workshop on Constraint Solving and Constraint Logic Progr- ming (CSCLP 2007) held during June 7-8, 2008 in Rocquencourt, France. This workshop, open to all, was organized as the 12th meeting of the working group onConstraintsofthe EuropeanResearchConsortiumfor Informaticsand Ma- ematics (ERCIM), continuing a series of workshops organized since the creation of the working group in 1997. A selection of papers of these annual workshops have been published since 2002 in a series of books which illustrate the evo- tion of the ?eld, under the title "Recent Advances in Constraints"in the Lecture Notes in Arti?cial Intelligence series. This year, there were 16 submissions, most of them being extended and - vised versions of papers presented at the workshop, plus some new papers. Each submission was reviewed by three reviewers. The Program Committee decided to accept ten papers for publication in this book.

The LNCS Journal on Data Semantics is devoted to the presentation of notable work that, in one way or another, addresses research and development on issues related to data semantics. Based on the highly visible publication platform Lecture Notes in Computer Science, this new journal is widely disseminated and available worldwide.

The scope of the journal ranges from theories supporting the formal definition of semantic content to innovative domain-specific applications of semantic knowledge. The journal addresses researchers and advanced practitioners working on the semantic web, interoperability, mobile information services, data warehousing, knowledge representation and reasoning, conceptual database modeling, ontologies, and artificial intelligence.

The LNCS Journal on Data Semantics is devoted to the presentation of notable work that, in one way or another, addresses research and development on issues related to data semantics. The scope of the journal ranges from theories supporting the formal definition of semantic content to innovative domain-specific applications of semantic knowledge.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed and extended post-proceedings of the Joint ERCIM/CoLogNet International Workshop on Constraint Solving and Constraint Logic Programming, CSCLP 2005. The 12 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the book. The papers are organized in topical sections on global constraints, search and heuristics, language and implementation issues, and modeling.

The promise of the Semantic Web is to move from a Web of data to a Web of meaning and distributed services. This vision of the Web has attracted - searchersfromdi?erent horizonswith the aims of de?ning newarchitecturesand languages necessary to make it possible, and of developing the ?rst applications of these concepts. This book contains the articles selected for publication and presentation at the workshop "Principles and Practice of Semantic Web Reasoning" PPSWR 2005, together with three invited talks. Three major aspects of Semantic Web research are represented in this selection: architecture issues, language issues, and reasoning methods. These advances are investigated in the context of new design principles and challenging applications. ThePPSWR2005workshopwaspartoftheDagstuhlseminarontheSem- tic Web organizedby F. Bry (Univ. Munchen, Germany),F. Fages (INRIA Roc- .. quencourt, France), M. Marchiori (MIT, Cambridge, USA) and H.-J. Ohlbach (Univ. Munchen, Germany),held in Dagstuhl, Germany,11-16September 2005...It was supported by the European Network of Excellence REWERSE (Reas- ing on the Web with Rules and Semantics, http://rewerse.net). This four-year project includes 27 European research and development organizations, and is intended to bolster Europe's expertise in Web reasoning systems and appli- tions.Itconsistsofeightmainworkinggroups:"RuleMarkupLanguage","Policy Language, Enforcement, Composition","Composition and Typing","Reasoning- Aware Querying","Evolution","Time and Location","Adding Semantics to the Bioinformatics Web", and "Personalized Information Systems". The papers in this volume re?ect most of the topics investigated in REWERSE; one third of them come from outside REWERSE.

Constraint programming is a very successful ?fth-generation software techn- ogy with a wide range of applications. It has attracted a large community of researchers that is particularly strong in Europe. In particular, constraint programming is the focus of the Working Group on Constraints of the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mat- matics (ERCIM) as well as a major interest of the European Network on C- putational Logic (CoLogNET). These groups jointly sponsored a workshop on Constraint Satisfaction and Constraint Logic Programming (CSCLP 2004) held June23-25attheEcolePolytechniqueF ed eraledeLausanne(EPFL)inSwitz- land. It was hosted by the Arti?cial Intelligence Laboratory of the EPFL, which is also a member of both groups. Thisbookpresentsacollectionofpapersthatareeitherrevisedandextended versions of papers accepted at the workshop, or were submitted in response to theopencallforpapersthatfollowed.The15papersinthisvolumewereselected from 30 submissions by rigorous peer review. The editors would like to take the opportunity to thank all authors and reviewers for the hard work they contributed to producing this volume. We also thank ERCIM and CoLogNET for their support of the workshop and the ?eld of constraint programming in general. We hope the reader will ?nd this volume helpful for advancing their understanding of issues in constraint programming. December 2004 Boi Faltings Adrian Petcu Francois, Fages Francesca Rossi Organization This workshopwas jointly organized as the 9th Meeting of the ERCIM Working GrouponConstraints, coordinatedbyFrancois, Fages, andthe2ndAnnualWo- shop of the CoLogNET area on Constraint Logic Programming, coordinated by Francesca Rossi. OrganizingInstitutes TheorganizationwashandledbytheEPFL, INRIAandtheUniversityofPadua."

Constraint programming is the fruit of several decades of research carried out in mathematical logic, automated deduction, operations research and arti?cial intelligence. The tools and programming languages arising from this research ?eldhaveenjoyedrealsuccessintheindustrialworldastheycontributetosolving hard combinatorial problems in diverse domains such as production planning, communication networks, robotics and bioinformatics. This volume contains the extended and reviewed versions of a selection of papers presented at the Joint ERCIM/CoLogNET International Workshop on Constraint Solving and Constraint Logic Programming (CSCLP2003), which was held from June 30 to July 2, 2003. The venue chosen for the seventh edition of this annual workshop was the Computer and Automation Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA SZTAKI) in Budapest, Hungary. This institute is one of the 20 members of the Working Group on Constraints of the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics (ERCIM). For many participants this workshop provided the ?rst opportunity to visit their ERCIM partner in Budapest. CoLogNET is the European-funded network of excellence dedicated to s- porting and enhancing cooperation and research on all areas of computational logic, and continues the work done previously by the Compulog Net. In part- ular, the aim of the logic and constraint logic programming area of CoLogNET is to foster and support all research activities related to logic programming and constraint logic programming. The editors would like to take the opportunity and thank all the authors who submitted papers to this volume, as well as the reviewers for their helpful work.

A History of Africa is a powerful narrative history of the continent from its beginnings to the 21st century.
Long established at the forefront of African Studies, the fourth edition of this classic history brings the book up to date to address the events of the 1990s. The issues discussed include:
* post-apartheid South Africa
* the prospects for democratisation in Africa at the beginning of the new millennium
* developments in Muslim North Africa including the threat of Islamic fundamentalism
* economic and social developments including the devastating impact of the Third World debt and the provision of debt relief
* cultural, environmental and gender issues in Modern Africa.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed and extended post-proceedings of the 11th Annual ERCIM International Workshop on Constraint Solving and Constraint Logic Programming, CSCLP 2006, held in Caparica, Portugal in June 2006.

Besides papers taken from the workshop, others are submitted in response to an open call for papers after the workshop.

The 10 revised full papers presented together with a tutorial on hybrid algorithms were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the book. The papers are organized in topical sections on global constraints, search and heuristics, language and implementation issues, and modeling.