Proteins are the servants of life. They occur in all com- nent parts of living organisms and are staggering in their fu- tional variety, despite their chemical similarity. Even the simplest single-cell organism contains a thousand different p- teins, fulfilling a wide range of life-supporting roles. Additions to the total number of known proteins are being made on an increasing scale through the discovery of mutant strains or their production by genetic manipulation. The total international protein literature could fill a medi- sized building and is growing at an ever-increasing rate. The reader might be forgiven for asking whether yet another book on proteins, their properties, and functions can serve a useful purpose. An explanation of the origin of this book may serve as justification. The authors form the tutorial team for an int- sive postexperience course on protein characterization or- nized by the Center for Professional Advancement, East Brunswick, New Jersey, an educational foundation. The course was first mounted in Amsterdam in 1982 and has since been repeated several times, in both Amsterdam and the US, with participants from North America and most European countries. In a predecessor to this book, emphasis was placed on the role of protein isolation in the food industry, because at the time this reflected the interests of most of the participants at the course. Today, isolated proteins for food use are extracted from yeasts, fungal sources, legumes, oilseeds, cereals, and leaves.

Proteins are the servants of life. They occur in all component parts of living organisms and are staggering in their functional var- ty, despite their chemical similarity. Even the simplest single-cell organism contains a thousand different proteins, fulfilling a wide range of life-supporting roles. Their production is controlled by the cell's genetic machinery, and a malfunction of even one protein in the cell will give rise to pathological symptoms. Additions to the total number of known proteins are constantly being made on an increasing scale through the discovery of mutant strains or their production by genetic manipulation; this latter technology has become known as protein engineering. The in vivo functioning of proteins depends critically on the chemical structure of individual peptide chains, but also on the detailed folding of the chains themselves and on their assembly into larger supramolecular structures. The molecules and their fu- tional assemblies possess a limited in vitro stability. Special methods are required for their intact isolation from the source material and for their analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Proteins are also increasingly used as "industrial components," e.g., in biosensors and immobilized enzymes, because of their specificity, selectivity, and sensitivity. This requires novel and refined proce- ing methods by which the protein isolate can be converted into a form in which it can be utilized.

This volume is the last in the series comprising "Water-A Comprehensive Treatise. " It was originally planned to combine aqueous solutions of macro molecules and disperse systems in one volume, but largely because of the extensive coverage required by recent developments in aqueous solutions of proteins and synthetic polymers I decided to separate topics dealing with water in disperse systems. The systems treated in the present volume are of a complex nature so that the theoretical frameworks established earlier in Volume 1 and utilized in Volumes 2 and 3 cannot at the present time be applied. On the other hand the systems discussed in Volumes 4 and 5 in particular, border on the many biological and technological areas where important attributes are related to the common factor-water. Included among such diverse problem areas are food processing and preservation, cryopreservation, paper and textile finishing, membrane processes, hemodynamics, etc. It is to be hoped that in days to come some of the results and principles discussed in these five volumes can be applied to improve our understanding of the complex in teractions in medically and industrially important spheres of scientific ac tivity. An age seems to have passed since the concept of creating this treatise was first discussed, and since work began on Volume 1, much has happened in the science of Water; some of the recent developments were highlighted at this year's Gordon Research Conference in Plymouth, N. H.

This Volume, the last of the series, is devoted to water in its metastable forms, especially at sub-zero temperatures. The past few years have wit nessed an increasing interest in supercooled water and amorphous ice. If the properties of liquid water in the normal temperature range are already eccentric, then they become exceedingly so below the normal freezing point, in the metastable temperature range. Water can be supercooled to -39 DegreesC without too much effort, and most of its physical properties show a re markable temperature dependence under these conditions. Although ade quate explanations are still lacking, the time has come to review available knowledge. The study of amorphous ice, that is, the solid formed when water vapor is condensed on a very cold surface, is of longer standing. It has achieved renewed interest because it may serve as a model for the liquid state. There is currently a debate whether or not a close structural relation ship exists between amorphous ice and supercooled water. The nucleation and growth of ice in supercooled water and aqueous solutions is also still one of those grey areas of research, although these topics have received considerable attention from chemists and physicists over the past two decades. Even now, the relationships between degree of supercooling, nucleation kinetics, crystal growth kinetics, cooling rate and solute concentration are somewhat obscure. Nevertheless, at the empirical level much progress has been made, because these topics are of considerable importance to biologists, technologists, atmospheric physicists and gla ciologists.

vi the information collected and discussed in this volume may help toward the achievement of such an objective. I should like to express my debt of gratitude to the authors who have contributed to this volume. Editing a work of this nature can strain long established personal relationships and I thank my various colleagues for bearing with me and responding (sooner or later) to one or several letters or telephone calls. My special thanks once again go to Mrs. Joyce Johnson, who bore the main brunt of this seemingly endless correspondence and without whose help the editorial and referencing work would have taken several years. F. FRANKS Biophysics Division Unilever Research Laboratory Colworth/ Welwyn Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford January, 1973 Contents Contents of Volume 1 ............................. . . . . . .. . . .. xv Contents of Volume 3 ........................ '. . . . . . . . . . . . xvi . . . . Contents of Volume 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . xvii . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 1 The Solvent Properties of Water F. Franks 1. Water, the Universal Solvent-the Study of Aqueous Solutions 2. Aqueous Solutions of Nonelectrolytes ................. . 5 2.1. Apolar Solutes ................................. . 6 2.2. Polar Solutes .................................. . 19 2.3. Ionic Solutes Containing Alkyl Residues-"Apolar Electrolytes" ................................... . 38 3. Aqueous Solutions of Electrolytes .................... . 42 3.1. Single Ion Properties ............................ . 42 3.2. Ion-Water Interactions ......................... . 43 3.3. Interionic Effects ............................... . 47 4. Complex Aqueous Mixtures 48 Chapter 2 Water in Stoichiometric Hydrates M. Falk and O. Knop 1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Symmetry and Types of Environment of the H0 Molecule 2 in Crystals .......................................... 57 vii Contents viii 2.1. Site Symmetry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 . . . . . . . . . ."

The chapters making up this volume had originally been planned to form part of a single volume covering solid hydrates and aqueous solutions of simple molecules and ions. However, during the preparation of the manu scripts it became apparent that such a volume would turn out to be very unwieldy and I reluctantly decided to recommend the publication of sepa rate volumes. The most sensible way of dividing the subject matter seemed to lie in the separation of simple ionic solutions. The emphasis in the present volume is placed on ion-solvent effects, since a number of excellent texts cover the more general aspects of electrolyte solutions, based on the classical theories of Debye, Huckel, On sager, and Fuoss. It is interesting to speculate as to when a theory becomes "classical." Perhaps this occurs when it has become well known, well liked, and much adapted. The above-mentioned theories of ionic equilibria and transport certainly fulfill these criteria. There comes a time when the refinements and modifications can no longer be related to physical significance and can no longer hide the fact that certain fundamental assumptions made in the development of the theory are untenable, especially in the light of information obtained from the application of sophisticated molecular and thermodynamic techniques."

to arrive at some temporary consensus model or models; and to present reliable physical data pertaining to water under a range of conditions, i.e., "Dorsey revisited," albeit on a less ambitious scale. I should like to acknowledge a debt of gratitude to several of my col leagues, to Prof. D. J. G. Ives and Prof. Robert L. Kay for valuable guidance and active encouragement, to the contributors to this volume for their willing cooperation, and to my wife and daughters for the understanding shown to a husband and father who hid in his study for many an evening. My very special thanks go to Mrs. Joyce Johnson, who did all the cor respondence and much of the arduous editorial work with her usual cheerful efficiency. F. FRANKS Biophysics Division Unilever Research Laboratory ColworthjWelwyn Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford March 1972 Contents Chapter 1 Introduction-Water, the Unique Chemical F. Franks I. lntroduction ........................................ . 2. The Occurrence and Distribution of Water on the Earth 2 3. Water and Life ...................................... 4 4. The Scientific Study of Water-A Short History ........ 8 5. The Place of Water among Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . Chapter 2 The Water Moleeule C. W. Kern and M. Karplus 1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 . . . . . . . . . . 2. Principles of Structure and Spectra: The Born-Oppenheimer Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. The Electronic Motion ............................... 26 3.1. The Ground Electronic State of Water ............ 31 3.2. The Excited Electronic States of Water ........... 50 4. The Nuclear Motion ................................. 52 5. External-Field Effects ................................. 70 5.1. Perturbed Hartree-Fock Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 . . ."

Since the publication of the previous volumes many new aspects of the physical and life sciences have been developed in which the properties of water play a dominant role. Although, according to its preface, Volume 5 was to be the last one of the treatise, these recent developments have led to a revision of that statement. The present volume and its companion, still in preparation, deal with topics that were already mentioned in the preface to Volume 5 as gaining in importance. The recent development of X-ray and, more particularly, neutron scattering techniques have led to studies of "structure" in aqueous solutions of electrolytes on the one hand, and to the role of water in protein structure and function on the other. Both these topics have reached a stage where reviews of the present state of knowledge are useful. The application of ab initio methods to calculations of hydration and conformation of small molecules has a longer history, but here again a critical summary is timely. The role of solvent effects in reaction kinetics and mechanisms should have had a place in Volume 2 of this treatise, but, as sometimes happens, the author who had taken on this task failed tQ live up to his promise. However, since 1972 the physical chemistry of mixed aqueous solvents has made considerable strides, so that the belated discussion of this topic (by a new author) is built on evidence that was not available at the time of publication of Volume 2.

Proteins are the servants of life. They occur in all component parts of living organisms and are staggering in their functional var- ty, despite their chemical similarity. Even the simplest single-cell organism contains a thousand different proteins, fulfilling a wide range of life-supporting roles. Their production is controlled by the cell's genetic machinery, and a malfunction of even one protein in the cell will give rise to pathological symptoms. Additions to the total number of known proteins are constantly being made on an increasing scale through the discovery of mutant strains or their production by genetic manipulation; this latter technology has become known as protein engineering. The in vivo functioning of proteins depends critically on the chemical structure of individual peptide chains, but also on the detailed folding of the chains themselves and on their assembly into larger supramolecular structures. The molecules and their fu- tional assemblies possess a limited in vitro stability. Special methods are required for their intact isolation from the source material and for their analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Proteins are also increasingly used as "industrial components," e.g., in biosensors and immobilized enzymes, because of their specificity, selectivity, and sensitivity. This requires novel and refined proce- ing methods by which the protein isolate can be converted into a form in which it can be utilized.

A Guide to managing servers and automation About This Book * Breeze through Puppet's key features and performance improvements to bring real advantages to your IT infrastructure * Discover Puppet best practices to help you avoid common mistakes and pitfalls * Examples to help you get to grips with Puppet and succeed with everyday IT automation Who This Book Is For This book targets experienced IT professionals and new Puppet uses, who will learn all they need to know to go from installation to advanced automation. Get a rapid introduction to the essential topics and learn how to build best practices for advanced automation with Puppet. What You Will Learn * Understand declarative configuration management * Make use of GIT-based deployment workflows * Extend Factor with secure elements * Create modular and reusable Puppet code * Extend your code base with publicly available Puppet modules * Separate logic from data by using Hiera * Understand and develop Puppet Roles and Profiles In Detail Puppet is a configuration management tool that allows you to automate all your IT configurations, giving you control over what you do to each Puppet Agent in a network, and when and how you do it. In this age of digital delivery and ubiquitous Internet presence, it's becoming increasingly important to implement scaleable and portable solutions, not only in terms of software, but also the system that runs it. This book gets you started quickly with Puppet and its tools in the right way. It highlights improvements in Puppet and provides solutions for upgrading. It starts with a quick introduction to Puppet in order to quickly get your IT automation platform in place. Then you learn about the Puppet Agent and its installation and configuration along with Puppet Server and its scaling options. The book adopts an innovative structure and approach, and Puppet is explained with flexible use cases that empower you to manage complex infrastructures easily. Finally, the book will take readers through Puppet and its companion tools such as Facter, Hiera, and R10k and how to make use of tool chains. Style and approach This book aims to impart all the knowledge required to tap into not only the basics of Puppet, but also its core. The basic ideas and principles of Puppet-based designs are explored and explained. Sophisticated tools are presented to enable you to use Puppet efficiently and productively.

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Tag 1: Vorbereitungen und Javas kleinste Bausteine.- Tag 2: Grundlegende Prinzipien der Programmentwicklung.- Tag 3: Daten laden und speichern.- Tag 4: Verwendung einfacher Datenstrukturen.- Tag 5: Debuggen und Fehlerbehandlungen.- Tag 6: Erweitertes Klassenkonzept.- Tag 7: Aufarbeitung der vorhergehenden Kapitel.- Tag 8: Verwendung von Bibliotheken.- Tag 9: Grafische Benutzeroberflachen.- Tag 10: Appletprogrammierung.- Tag 11: Techniken der Programmentwicklung.- Tag 12: Bildverarbeitung.- Tag 13: Methoden der Kunstlichen Intelligenz.- Tag 14: Entwicklung einer groesseren Anwendung.- Java - Weiterfuhrende Konzepte.