The continuous evolution and widespread application of communication technology, network technology and computing technology have promoted the intelligent interconnection of all things and ubiquitous sharing of information. The cross-border, cross-system, and cross-ecosystem exchange of user data has become commonplace. At the same time, difficulties in the prevention of private information abuse and lack of protection methods have become global problems. As such, there is an urgent need to intensify basic theoretical research in this field to support the protection of personal information in a ubiquitously interconnected environment. The authors of this book proposed the concept, definition and research scope of privacy computing for the first time in 2015. This book represents their original and innovative scientific research achievement dedicated to privacy computing research, and systematically explains the basic theory and technology involved. It introduces readers to the connection between personal information and privacy protection, defines privacy protection and privacy desensitization, clarifies and summarizes the limitations of existing privacy-preserving technologies in practical information system applications, analyzes the necessity of conducting privacy computing research, and proposes the concept, definition and research scope of privacy computing. It comprehensively expounds the theoretical system of privacy computing and some privacy-preserving algorithms based on the idea of privacy computing. In closing, it outlines future research directions.

This book highlights the latest advances in the use of graphene and bio-compatible-material-decorated graphene to detect various targets (e.g. DNA, RNA, amino acids, peptides, proteins, enzymes, antigens, glucose, DA, AA, UA, ATP, NADH, gas, ions, etc.). It focuses on the specific interaction of these substances with graphene (or modified graphene) and the efficient transduction of the target recognition event into detectable signals via various techniques. Particular emphasis is given to well-designed strategies for constructing graphene-based platforms and target determination. It also covers other bio-analytical applications including cellular imaging, drug delivery and bacteria inhibition, before turning to a discussion of future challenges and prospects of graphene in bio-analytical applications. This book is intended for researchers working in the fields of analytical chemistry, nanomaterials and biomedical engineering. Li Niu is a Professor at the State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences.