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This lecture presents a study of the microarchitecture of
contemporary microprocessors. The focus is on implementation
aspects, with discussions on their implications in terms of
performance, power, and cost of state-of-the-art designs. The
lecture starts with an overview of the different types of
microprocessors and a review of the microarchitecture of cache
memories. Then, it describes the implementation of the fetch unit,
where special emphasis is made on the required support for branch
prediction. The next section is devoted to instruction decode with
special focus on the particular support to decoding x86
instructions. The next chapter presents the allocation stage and
pays special attention to the implementation of register renaming.
Afterward, the issue stage is studied. Here, the logic to implement
out-of-order issue for both memory and non-memory instructions is
thoroughly described. The following chapter focuses on the
instruction execution and describes the different functional units
that can be found in contemporary microprocessors, as well as the
implementation of the bypass network, which has an important impact
on the performance. Finally, the lecture concludes with the commit
stage, where it describes how the architectural state is updated
and recovered in case of exceptions or misspeculations. This
lecture is intended for an advanced course on computer
architecture, suitable for graduate students or senior undergrads
who want to specialize in the area of computer architecture. It is
also intended for practitioners in the industry in the area of
microprocessor design. The book assumes that the reader is familiar
with the main concepts regarding pipelining, out-of-order
execution, cache memories, and virtual memory. Table of Contents:
Introduction / Caches / The Instruction Fetch Unit / Decode /
Allocation / The Issue Stage / Execute / The Commit Stage /
References / Author Biographies
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