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This second volume of the Charged Particle Traps deals with the
rapidly expanding body of research exploiting the electromagnetic
con?nement of ions, whose principles and techniques were the
subject of volume I. These applications include revolutionary
advances in diverse ?elds, ranging from such practical ?elds as
mass spectrometry, to the establishment of an ult- stable standard
of frequency and the emergent ?eld of quantum computing made
possible by the observation of the quantum behavior of laser-cooled
con?nedions. Bothexperimentalandtheoreticalactivity
intheseapplications has proliferated widely, and the number of
diverse articles in the literature on its many facets has reached
the point where it is useful to distill and organize the published
work in a uni?ed volume that de?nes the current status of the ?eld.
As explained in volume I, the technique of con?ning charged
particles in suitable electromagnetic ?elds was initially conceived
by W. Paul as a thr- dimensional version of his rf quadrupole mass
?lter. Its ?rst application to rf spectroscopy on atomic ions was
completed in H. G. Dehmelt's laboratory where notable work was
later done on the free electron using the Penning trap. The further
exploitation of these devices has followed more or less -
dependently along the two initial broad areas: mass spectrometry
and high resolution spectroscopy. In volume I a detailed account is
given of the theory of operation and experimental techniques of the
various forms of Paul and Penning ion traps.
This edition retains the essentially didactic approach to the
treatment of the development of atomic clocks in the first edition,
but brings up to date the extraordinary developments in recent
years, culminating in clocks based on quantum resonance at optical
frequency in individual ions confined in miniature electromagnetic
traps.
Over the last quarter of this century, revolutionary advances have
been made both in kind and in precision in the application of
particle traps to the study of thephysics of charged particles,
leading to intensi?ed interest in, and wide proliferation of, this
topic. This book is intended as a timely addition to the
literature, providing a systematic uni?ed treatment of the subject,
from the point of view of the application of these devices to
fundamental atomic and particle physics.
Thetechniqueofusingelectromagnetic?eldstocon?neandisolateatomic
particles in vacuo, rather than by material walls of a container,
was initially
conceivedbyW.Paulintheformofa3Dversionoftheoriginalrfquadrupole
mass ?lter, for which he shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in physics
[1], whereas H.G. Dehmelt who also shared the 1989 Nobel Prize [2]
saw these devices (including the Penning trap) as a way of
isolating electrons and ions, for the purposes of high resolution
spectroscopy. These two broad areas of appli- tion have developed
more or less independently, each attaining a remarkable degree of
sophistication and generating widespread interest and experimental
activity.
This second volume of the Charged Particle Traps deals with the
rapidly expanding body of research exploiting the electromagnetic
con?nement of ions, whose principles and techniques were the
subject of volume I. These applications include revolutionary
advances in diverse ?elds, ranging from such practical ?elds as
mass spectrometry, to the establishment of an ult- stable standard
of frequency and the emergent ?eld of quantum computing made
possible by the observation of the quantum behavior of laser-cooled
con?nedions. Bothexperimentalandtheoreticalactivity
intheseapplications has proliferated widely, and the number of
diverse articles in the literature on its many facets has reached
the point where it is useful to distill and organize the published
work in a uni?ed volume that de?nes the current status of the ?eld.
As explained in volume I, the technique of con?ning charged
particles in suitable electromagnetic ?elds was initially conceived
by W. Paul as a thr- dimensional version of his rf quadrupole mass
?lter. Its ?rst application to rf spectroscopy on atomic ions was
completed in H. G. Dehmelt's laboratory where notable work was
later done on the free electron using the Penning trap. The further
exploitation of these devices has followed more or less -
dependently along the two initial broad areas: mass spectrometry
and high resolution spectroscopy. In volume I a detailed account is
given of the theory of operation and experimental techniques of the
various forms of Paul and Penning ion traps.
Intended for nonspecialists with some knowledge of physics or
engineering, The Quantum Beat covers a wide range of salient topics
relevant to atomic clocks, treated in a broad intuitive manner with
a minimum of mathematical formalism. Detailed descriptions are
given of the design principles of the rubidium, cesium, hydrogen
maser, and mercury ion standards; the revolutionary changes that
the advent of the laser has made possible, such as laser cooling,
optical pumping, the formation of optical molasses, and the cesium
fountain standard; and the time-based global navigation systems,
Loran-C and the Global Positioning System. Also included are topics
that bear on the precision and absolute accuracy of standards, such
as noise, resonance line shape, the relativistic Doppler effect as
well as more general relativistic notions of time relevant to
synchronization of remote clocks, and time reversal symmetry. the
development of atomic clocks in the first edition, but brings up to
date the extraordinary developments in recent years, culminating in
clocks based on quantum resonance at optical frequency in
individual ions confined in miniature electromagnetic traps. These,
together with advances in the generation of wide-band coherent
frequency combs spanning the spectrum as far as the optical range,
has made possible the direct measurement of phenomena occurring at
optical frequencies As a result of these recent advances, in
addition to the time-based GPS and LORAN C navigation systems
treated in the first edition, other important applications of a
fundamental scientific interest have become feasible. These include
satellite-borne tests of the theory of general relativity and the
equivalence principle on which it is based.
Over the last quarter of this century, revolutionary advances have
been made both in kind and in precision in the application of
particle traps to the study of thephysics of charged particles,
leading to intensi?ed interest in, and wide proliferation of, this
topic. This book is intended as a timely addition to the
literature, providing a systematic uni?ed treatment of the subject,
from the point of view of the application of these devices to
fundamental atomic and particle physics.
Thetechniqueofusingelectromagnetic?eldstocon?neandisolateatomic
particles in vacuo, rather than by material walls of a container,
was initially
conceivedbyW.Paulintheformofa3Dversionoftheoriginalrfquadrupole
mass ?lter, for which he shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in physics
[1], whereas H.G. Dehmelt who also shared the 1989 Nobel Prize [2]
saw these devices (including the Penning trap) as a way of
isolating electrons and ions, for the purposes of high resolution
spectroscopy. These two broad areas of appli- tion have developed
more or less independently, each attaining a remarkable degree of
sophistication and generating widespread interest and experimental
activity.
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