First Published in 1975. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Global contributors discuss the theoretical controversies concerning the merits and demerits of affirmative action, and explain why affirmative action is needed in multi-ethnic countries. They analyse actual experience with affirmative action policies - their origin, nature and consequences - in nine countries.

This book evaluates the extent to which post-conflict reconstruction has addressed problems of horizontal inequalities through country case studies on Burundi, Rwanda, Nepal, Peru, Guatemala, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Afghanistan, and four thematic studies on macro-economic policies, privatisation, PRSP's, and employment generation.

This text focuses on group behaviour in developing countries. It includes studies of producer and community organizations, NGOs, and some public sector groups. Despite the fact that most economic decisions are taken by people acting within groups - families, firms, neighbourhood or community associations, and networks of producers - the analysis of group functioning has not received enough attention, particularly among economists. Some groups function well, from the perspectives of equity, efficiency, and well-being, while others do not. This book explores why The text covers groups that perform three types of function: overcoming market failures (for example, producer organizations); improving the position of their members (for example, Trade Unions), and distributing resources to the less well-off (for example, NGOs and the public sector) It contrasts three modes of group behaviour: power and control; co-operation; and the use of material incentives, exploring what determines modes of behaviour of groups, and the consequences for efficiency, equity, and well-being.

Despite increasing acceptance that poverty is multidimensional, most policy work adopts a monetary definition. Using data for India and Peru, the authors compare four different approaches to poverty analysis at a theoretical and empirical level. "Defining Poverty in the Developing World" compares and contrasts monetary, capabilities, social exclusion and participatory approaches in a highly informative manner. The research elucidates the implications for measuring poverty and for policy, concluding that the approach chosen does make a marked difference to conclusions drawn.

The increasing liberalization and globalization of the world economy has not been accompanied by convergence in the various indicators of economic and social development. The papers in this volume go some way towards explaining why the increasing reliance on market forces may lead to greater divergences in economic performance. They also point to the importance for the development process of social solidarity and institutions which encourage co-operative approaches to problem solving.

This collection of papers by some of the world's leading development economists is remarkable for its wide scope. It covers such varied topics as stagflation in the third world; the extension of free trade to include international investment; the early 1980s in Latin America; the economic growth of Africa and communal land tenure systems and their role in rural development. As well as representing important contributions in themselves, the papers acquire unity from a similarity in approach - always giving priority to reality if it comes into conflict with theoretical bias.

This book explores the effects of macro-policies and determines which policies have best promoted appropriate technology in developing countries. It explores the political economy of macro-policies, examining which groups in society are likely to benefit from alternative policies and technologies.

This book is the outcome of a Development Studies Association Workshop on Technology that we convened in Queen Elizabeth House in March 1980. In the 1960s and 1970s most research on technology in poor countries was directed at the question of the labour or capital intensity of production technique (sometimes described as the 'neo-classical' question). The collection of essays raises questions as much as it provides answers: but in so doing it provides a comprehensive introduction to the major new topics which are of substantial concern to those working on issues of technology and development.

This book presents papers on the recycling of funds from surplus to deficit countries; stabilizing the existing International Financial System; securing an adequate level of investment return for surplus countries; the role of the special drawing rights; and mineral and energy financing.

This two-volume work examines the causes of civil war and consequent humanitarian emergencies in developing countries. Twenty-three international experts explain why wars start and how to prevent them--offering a less costly alternative to the present reactive strategy of the world community to provide mediation, relief, and rehabilitation after the conflict occurs. The volumes provide a general framework which is applied to such recent conflicts as those in Rwanda, Burundi, Somalia, the Congo, Afghanistan, and the Caucasus.

The 1980s has been a decade of sharp adjustment and rising poverty for most of the developing world. The oil crisis of the 1970s and the recession of the 1980s set in motion a chain of events which had particularly serious consequences for these areas. In this text, the author examines the major causes and results of this situation. The work includes: an examination of the relationship between adjusting policies and poverty during the 1980s; an assessment of the extent to which the situation was the result of exogenous and/or endogenous policies; an analysis of the impact of the IMF and World Bank macro-policies on adjusting countries - both in theory and practice; a discussion of government tax and expenditure policies - with particular focus on social sector spending; an appraisal of other contributing factors; and identification and assessment of improved policies for the future. The book focuses on those areas where poverty was highest, namely, Africa and Latin America. Experiences here are sharply contrasted with those areas which were able to combine adjustment with protection for the poor.

The 1980s has been a decade of sharp adjustment and rising poverty for most of the developing world. The oil crisis of the 1970s and the recession of the 1980s set in motion a chain of events which had particularly serious consequences for these areas. In this text, the author examines the major causes and results of this situation. The work includes: an examination of the relationship between adjusting policies and poverty during the 1980s; an assessment of the extent to which the situation was the result of exogenous and/or endogenous policies; an analysis of the impact of the IMF and World Bank macro-policies on adjusting countries - both in theory and practice; a discussion of government tax and expenditure policies - with particular focus on social sector spending; an appraisal of other contributing factors; and identification and assessment of improved policies for the future. The book focuses on those areas where poverty was highest, namely, Africa and Latin America. Experiences here are sharply contrasted with those areas which were able to combine adjustment with protection for the poor.

First Published in 1975. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

There is growing consensus in the development economics literature that ethnic diversity is a very significant factor in explaining Africa's poor economic performance. Ethnic Diversity and Economic Instability in Africa challenges this conventional wisdom. Drawing on the insights of historians, anthropologists and political scientists as well as development economists, this book questions whether ethnicity is the most useful organising principle by which to examine the economic development of Africa, arguing that it is a more fluid and contingent concept than economic models allow. Instead, the authors explore the actual experience of ethnicity in Africa and propose new methods of measuring ethnic diversity and inequalities. Finally some tentative conclusions are reached regarding appropriate policy reforms.

The increasing liberalization and globalisation of the world economy has not been accompanied by covergence in the various indicators of economic and social development. The papers in this volume go some way towards explaining why the increasing reliance on market forces may lead to greater divergences in economic performance. They also point to the importance for the development process of social solidarity and institutions which encourage co-operative approaches to problem solving.

The World Bank and the IMF dominate policy-making in Africa today. This book considers the consistency between their adjustment policies and long-run development needs, with an analysis of country experience. An alternative development strategy is proposed.

An in-depth study of the process of descision-making, in both an empirical and theoretical context, within the iron and steel industry in Turkey, with respect to the planning, development and implementation of major construction projects.

Human Development is widely recognised as the overriding goal of development, yet its realization is challenged by growing inequality, macro-economic fluctuations, and recurrent financial crises. This edited collection reflects on the work of Richard Jolly and includes contributions from leading scholars of development, all of whom have worked with Richard Jolly at varying points in his distinguished career. The volume advances thinking in the area of Human Development by discussing the evolution of its conceptualization and the policy implications, and the achievements in related key areas such as education, social protection, and employment. It juxtaposes these theoretical and (at times) real life improvements with disturbing developments in terms of growing inequality and macro-economic instability. It documents the growing income inequality which has characterized both developing and developed countries. It shows that there has been a decline in some countries and identifies the policies adopted in these exceptional cases. It also shows also where and how public expenditure on Human Development in developing countries has been affected by the 2008 financial crisis and presents a new framework for a pro-growth pro-Human Development macro-economics, including suggestions for the countercyclical regulation of financial flows. The book also argues that a series of disruptive factors are nudging the innovation trajectory in new potentially pro-poor and pro-Human Development directions, especially if policies speed-up the diffusion of new efficient appropriate technologies in low and middle income economies.

Human Development is widely recognised as the overriding goal of development, yet its realization is challenged by growing inequality, macro-economic fluctuations, and recurrent financial crises. This edited collection reflects on the work of Richard Jolly and includes contributions from leading scholars of development, all of whom have worked with Richard Jolly at varying points in his distinguished career. The volume advances thinking in the area of Human Development by discussing the evolution of its conceptualization and the policy implications, and the achievements in related key areas such as education, social protection, and employment. It juxtaposes these theoretical and (at times) real life improvements with disturbing developments in terms of growing inequality and macro-economic instability. It documents the growing income inequality which has characterized both developing and developed countries. It shows that there has been a decline in some countries and identifies the policies adopted in these exceptional cases. It also shows also where and how public expenditure on Human Development in developing countries has been affected by the 2008 financial crisis and presents a new framework for a pro-growth pro-Human Development macro-economics, including suggestions for the countercyclical regulation of financial flows. The book also argues that a series of disruptive factors are nudging the innovation trajectory in new potentially pro-poor and pro-Human Development directions, especially if policies speed-up the diffusion of new efficient appropriate technologies in low and middle income economies