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This book offers an in-depth study of two well-known models of
"avalanche" dynamics, modified minimally by the inclusion of
relaxation. Many complex systems respond to continuous inputs of
energy by accumulation of stress over time, interrupted by sudden
energy releases called avalanches. The first model studied is the
viscoelastic interface driven over disorder, which is shown to
display the fundamental features of friction. In the mean-field
limit, the friction force derived semi-analytically is compatible
with laboratory experiments (displaying both velocity weakening and
contact aging). In two dimensions, large-scale numerical
simulations are in good agreement with the basic features of real
earthquakes (Gutenberg-Richter Law, aftershock migration). The
second model is a non-Markovian variant of Directed Percolation, in
which we observe that the universality class is only partly
modified by relaxation, a promising finding with respect to our
first model.
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