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In an environmental life cycle assessment of products (LCA), an
unambiguous, scientifically based, objective' attribution of
material and energy flows to a product is pure fiction. This is due
to the fundamental epistemological conditions of LCA as a modelling
process under the complexity of our socio-economic system. Instead,
various mental models and values guide this attribution. This leads
to a functional model in a specific decision situation. This book
shows for the first time how mental models and values influence
this attribution in the life cycle inventory step of LCA. One of
the key findings is that the different management rules for a
sustainable use of materials must be taken into account for the
attribution of material and energy flows to a product. Otherwise,
improvement options recommended by an LCA might turn out to even
worsen the environmental situation if reassessed from a
meta-perspective.
In an environmental life cycle assessment of products (LCA), an
unambiguous, scientifically based, objective attribution of
material and energy flows to a product is pure fiction. This is due
to the fundamental epistemological conditions of LCA as a modelling
process under the complexity of our socio-economic system. Instead,
various mental models and values guide this attribution. This leads
to a functional model in a specific decision situation.
This book shows for the first time how mental models and values
influence this attribution in the life cycle inventory step of LCA.
One of the key findings is that the different management rules for
a sustainable use of materials must be taken into account for the
attribution of material and energy flows to a product. Otherwise,
improvement options recommended by an LCA might turn out to even
worsen the environmental situation if reassessed from a
meta-perspective.
As a consequence of this book, the claim of unambiguitiy (
objectivity ) of the life cycle inventory must be abandoned. A
group-model building process for LCA is developed that allows one
to grasp the decision makers' mental models and values in the
inventory analysis on a case- and situation-specific basis. Only by
this, LCA results will become relevant in a decision-making
process.
Two case studies on the modelling of recycling and other
end-of-life options of aluminium windows and beech wood railway
sleepers in LCA complement the methodological part.
This book is a must have for researchers, consultants and
practitioners in the fields of decision-oriented life cycle
assessment as well as product-related environmental management,
modelling and decision-making."
For all students who wish to understand current economic and
business literature, knowledge of mathematical methods has become a
prerequisite. Clear and concise, with precise definitions and
theorems, Werner and Sotskov cover all the major topics required to
gain a firm grounding in this subject including sequences, series,
applications in finance, functions, differentiations, differentials
and difference equations, optimizations with and without
constraints, integrations and much more.
Containing exercises and worked examples, precise definitions
and theorems as well as economic applications, this book provides
the reader with a comprehensive understanding of the mathematical
models and tools used in both economics and business.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the International
Conference on Spatial Information Theory, COSIT'95, held near
Vienna, Austria, in September 1995.
Spatial Information Theory brings together three fields of research
of paramount importance for geographic information systems
technology, namely spatial reasoning, representation of space, and
human understanding of space. The book contains 36 fully revised
papers selected from a total of 78 submissions and gives a
comprehensive state-of-the-art report on this exciting
multidisciplinary - and highly interdisciplinary - area of research
and development.
The present book includes a set of selected papers from the 11th
International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies,
Technologies and Applications (SIMULTECH 2021) that was held as an
online event, from July 7 to 9, 2021. The conference brought
together researchers and practitioners interested in methodologies
and applications of modeling and simulation. New and innovative
solutions are reported in this book. A selection was made after the
conference, based also on the conference chairs assessment,
reviewers' assessment, quality of presentation and audience
interest, so that this book includes the extended and revised
versions of the very best papers of the conference.
Das Buch behandelt Untersuchungs- und Prufmethoden fur alle
Papierfaserstoffe (Zellstoffe, Holzstoffe, Altpapierfasern) und
daraus hergestellte Erzeugnisse: Papier, Karton, Pappe. Es hilft
bei der Identifizierung von Papierfaserstoffen und Hilfsstoffen
(Morphologie, Gefugestruktur und Oberflache) mit Hilfe der Licht-
und der Elektronenmikroskopie und zur technologischen Prufung und
vergleichenden Bewertung der verschiedenen Papierfaserstoffe. Der
zweite Band des mehrbandigen Gesamtwerkes setzt die Tradition des
bekannten Korn/Burgstaller: "Handbuch fur Werkstoffprufung, Band
IV: " "Papier- und Zellstoffprufung" fort."
In many real-world applications, the problems with the data used
for scheduling such as processing times, set-up times, release
dates or due dates is not exactly known before applying a specific
solution algorithm which restricts practical aspects of scheduling
theory. During the last decades, several approaches have been
developed for sequencing and scheduling with inaccurate data,
depending on whether the data is given as random numbers, fuzzy
numbers or whether it is uncertain (ie: it can take values from a
given interval). This book considers the four major approaches for
dealing with such problems: a stochastic approach, a fuzzy
approach, a robust approach and a stability approach. Each of the
four parts is devoted to one of these approaches. First, it
contains a survey chapter on this subject, as well as between
further chapters, presenting some recent research results in the
particular area. The book provides the reader with a comprehensive
and up-to-date introduction into scheduling with inaccurate data.
The four survey chapters deal with scheduling with stochastic
approaches, fuzzy job-shop scheduling, min-max regret scheduling
problems and a stability approach to sequencing and scheduling
under uncertainty. This book will be useful for applied
mathematicians, students and PhD students dealing with scheduling
theory, optimisation and calendar planning.
"Adam Smith was dumbfounded. Could he really be attending an event
taking place at the start of the third millennium? Smith tried to
concentrate on what the speaker was saying. Who was he? What was
going on? And what was the meaning of the words of the painting?"
So begins The Amazing Journey of Adam Smith as the father of modern
economics embarks on a voyage through time to discover whether his
famous conclusion in The Wealth of Nations remains valid today: . .
. he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other
cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part
of his intention. . . . By pursuing his own interest he frequently
promotes that of society more effectually than when he really
intends to promote it. In this imaginative and thought provoking
novel, Frank Werner explores the connection between financial
self-interest and the evolving needs of society, often referred to
as 'global sustainability.' As Adam Smith discovers, in the 21st
century-where businesses can significantly damage or contribute to
the world's ecological and social well being-the pursuit of profits
may no longer be sufficient to create a sustainable world.
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