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First published in 1987. The legal and political writings of the
German Social Democrats Kirchheimer and Neumann, from the period
prior to the National Socialist seizure of power, are little known
to English readers. This volume presents a selection of important
essays from this period, which focus on the prospects for the
constitutional realization of a social democratic order in the
first German Republic - the Weimar Republic, created out of the
collapse of the monarchy in 1918, and destroyed by the National
Socialists in 1933. Both Kirchheimer and Neumann were active as
lawyers in the later 1920s and early 1930s, the latter especially
having a close connection with trade union legislation and labour
law. From their viewpoint as Social Democrats and lawyers they
present incisive analyses of the problems confronted by the attempt
to realize the ideal of a social Rechtsstaat in a political
environment increasingly dominated by forces on left and right
which saw constitutional order only as a means to seize power, and
not as a legitimate form of order in itself. In these
circumstances, political issues translated into constitutional
issues, and thus could be analysed in terms of the aims and
objectives of a given constitutional order. A substantial
introduction by the volume's editor, Keith Tribe, presents the
political and theoretical background to these essays, which range
over questions of industrial democracy, political representation,
parliamentary rule and the role of judicial review. These issues
are once more on the political agenda of Western industrial
democracies, and the analyses of Kirchheimer and Neumann have lost
none of their force and relevance, despite the catastrophic
'failure' of Weimar democracy in 1933.
First published in 1987. The legal and political writings of the
German Social Democrats Kirchheimer and Neumann, from the period
prior to the National Socialist seizure of power, are little known
to English readers. This volume presents a selection of important
essays from this period, which focus on the prospects for the
constitutional realization of a social democratic order in the
first German Republic - the Weimar Republic, created out of the
collapse of the monarchy in 1918, and destroyed by the National
Socialists in 1933. Both Kirchheimer and Neumann were active as
lawyers in the later 1920s and early 1930s, the latter especially
having a close connection with trade union legislation and labour
law. From their viewpoint as Social Democrats and lawyers they
present incisive analyses of the problems confronted by the attempt
to realize the ideal of a social Rechtsstaat in a political
environment increasingly dominated by forces on left and right
which saw constitutional order only as a means to seize power, and
not as a legitimate form of order in itself. In these
circumstances, political issues translated into constitutional
issues, and thus could be analysed in terms of the aims and
objectives of a given constitutional order. A substantial
introduction by the volume's editor, Keith Tribe, presents the
political and theoretical background to these essays, which range
over questions of industrial democracy, political representation,
parliamentary rule and the role of judicial review. These issues
are once more on the political agenda of Western industrial
democracies, and the analyses of Kirchheimer and Neumann have lost
none of their force and relevance, despite the catastrophic
'failure' of Weimar democracy in 1933.
During the Second World War, three prominent members of the
Frankfurt School--Franz Neumann, Herbert Marcuse, and Otto
Kirchheimer--worked as intelligence analysts for the Office of
Strategic Services, the wartime forerunner of the CIA. This book
brings together their most important intelligence reports on Nazi
Germany, most of them published here for the first time.
These reports provide a fresh perspective on Hitler's regime and
the Second World War, and a fascinating window on Frankfurt School
critical theory. They develop a detailed analysis of Nazism as a
social and economic system and the role of anti-Semitism in Nazism,
as well as a coherent plan for the reconstruction of postwar
Germany as a democratic political system with a socialist economy.
These reports played a significant role in the development of
postwar Allied policy, including denazification and the preparation
of the Nuremberg Trials. They also reveal how wartime intelligence
analysis shaped the intellectual agendas of these three important
German-Jewish scholars who fled Nazi persecution prior to the
war.
"Secret Reports on Nazi Germany" features a foreword by Raymond
Geuss as well as a comprehensive general introduction by Raffaele
Laudani that puts these writings in historical and intellectual
context.
, Herausforderungen' und, Antworten' - diese Begriffe sind als di
daktische Schliisselkategorien zum Merkmal des didaktischen Den
kens von Wolfgang Hilligen geworden. So sehr sie heute Allgemein
platz geworden sind, - er seIber hat sie schon 1955 verwendet, um
die Moglichkeiten politischen Handelns in einer problematisch
geworde nen Welt aufzuzeigen. Eine Schrift, durch welche Freunde
und Kolle gen Wolfgang Hilligen zu seinem 75. Geburtstag im Mai
1991 ehren wollen, muJ3 diese Worte im Titel aufweisen, wenn sie
seinem Werk ge recht werden solI., Herausforderungen' sind die
krisenhaften Gefahrdungen der jewei ligen Gegenwart; mit dem
Begrift', Antworten' wird die Uberzeugung ausgedriickt, daB
Menschen die Kraft und die Fiihigkeit besitzen, die sen
Gefahrdungen zu begegnen und LOsungen zu finden, die ihnen ein
Uberleben und ein sinnvolles Leben ermoglichen. Es ist dies eine ge
schichtsphilosophische Grundiiberzeugung, die sich bei Wolfgang
Hilli gen gegen Endzeit-und Untergangspessimismus richtet und ein
MaO an Zuversicht ausstrahlt, das Jugendliche wie Erwachsene
ermutigen kann. Die, Antworten' sind im Sinne von Wolfgang Hilligen
nicht als bloB technokratische zu verstehen. Vielmehr miissen sie
nach seiner Uberzeugung von einem Bezug auf normative
Grundentscheidungen geleitet sein. Hilligen hat seine normative
Uberzeugungen in seinen, Optionen' formuliert; sie stellen den
Wertekern seiner Didaktik dar. Es sind die Optionen - ffir die
unbedingte Geltung personaler Menschenrechte, - llir die
Uberwindung struktureller sozialer Ungleichheiten, - fUr die
Notwendigkeit, Spielraum und Institutionen fUr Alterna- ven zu
schaffen und zu verbessern."
In fruheren Arbeiten war der EinfluB der Begleit-und
Legierungselemente auf das physikalisch-chemische Verhalten des
Kohlenstoffs im schmelzflussigen Bereich untersucht worden. Die
Gleichgewichtsuntersuchungen erstreckten sich zunachst auf die
kohlenstoffgesattigten Dreistoffsysteme Eisen-Kohlenstoff-X eX = Zu
satzelement) und spater auch auf Vier-und Mehrstoffschmelzen. Dabei
steIlte sich heraus, daB die fur die Dreistoffsysteme ermittelten
WirkungsgroBen in den meisten Fallen auch auf die Mehrstofflosungen
ubertragen werden konnen, und zwar gilt dies zumindest fur den
Bereich geringer Gehalte der Zusatzelemente. Lediglich das fur die
GuBeisenherstellung wichtige Teilsystem Eisen-Mangan
Schwefel-Kohlenstoff schien nach Untersuchungen von L. LEONTARITIS
eine Ausnahme im Bereich geringer Mangangehalte von 0,7 bis 0,9% zu
machen. Aus diesem Grunde wurde eine groBere Anzahl von Versuchen
durchgefuhrt, die dies es Verhalten klaren sollten. Dabei wurde bei
allen Schmelzen ein additives Verhalten festgestellt, was be
deutet, daB der gleichzeitige EinfluB von Mangan und Schwefel auf
Kohlenstoff sich additiv aus den den Konzentrationen von Mangan und
Schwefel entsprechen den WirkungsgroBen fur die Dreistoffsysteme
zusammensetzt. Zwar wurden weitere Versuche uber die Auswirkung der
Legierungstechnik und uber den zeit lichen Verlauf der Aufkohlung
durchgefuhrt, doch brachten auch diese Ergeb nisse nicht die
gewunschte Klarung uber die Ursache fur die von L. LEONTARTIS
gefundene, vom additiven Ver halten abweichende
Kohlenstoffaufnahme, so daB weitere Untersuchungen erforderlich
sind."
Printed For The Use Of The Special Committee To Study Problems Of
American Small Business.
Printed For The Use Of The Special Committee To Study Problems Of
American Small Business.
Published by the United States Senate Special Committee to Study
Problems of American Small Business in 1943, the preface opens
with: "One of the secrets of fighting an effective war is knowing
the enemy, how he operates, and what are his aims. Yet, although we
have been officially at war with Hitler's germany for more than a
year, there is still an insufficient understanding among the
American people of the relationship between National Socialism and
the cause of independent small business enterprise. "This study
establishes two points that, in my opinion, deserve the closest
attention of thoughtful Americans. "First, it shows that despite
their wild promises to small business, the Nazis have
systematically proceeded to destroy small business. Often it is
done directly by forcing smaller concerns to close down. Still more
often it is done by undermining the independence of smaller
concerns; that is, by making them completely subservient to a giant
cartel, a prime contractor, or the Third Reich itself. ...
"Moreover, the study lays bare the fact that the neglect of small
business by the pre-Hitler Government assisted Hitler in his rise
to power. ..." Claude Pepper Member, Special Committee to Study
Problems of American Small Business United States Senate
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