The field of surgery has seen significant changes over the last decade. New surgical techniques in thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal surgery characterized by reduced trauma of access and new technology have heralded minimally invasive techniques that have allowed surgeons to perform operations with results similar to traditional approaches whilst offering advantages in recovery time and cosmesis. This book focuses on topics of minimally invasive endocrine surgery; laparoscopic and robotic colorectal resection for cancer; the right anterolateral thoracotomy technique for patients with simple congenital heart disease; long-term clinical status, quality of life and functional outcomes after laparoscopic approach to achalasia; the evolution of component separation techniques for massive incisional hernias; the advances towards beating heart surgery; and finally, the operative techniques and outcomes of needlescopic surgery.