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With the present issue of Topics in Current Chemistry, the fourth and final volume concluding the mini-series on dendrimer chemistry has appeared. With a focus on the interdisciplinary bridges to neighboring fields, the contributions to this volume focus on coordination, catalysis and self-assembly, nicely balanced by a synthesis-based article on dendritic oligoethers.
Topics in Current Chemistry volume 197, entitled Dendrimers, turned out to be so attractive to the readers that it was extremely successful and this encouraged us to continue.In addition, the first volume was exclusively dedic- ed to dendrimer chemistry, which covers only a small selection of the topics in this field. Moreover, the subject dendrimers has undergone a further upturn since the publication of the first volume.The present volume Dendrimers II by pioneers in this new research field deals with the aspects of dendrimers mentioned in the subtitle but also touches on areas beyond chemistry. What makes dendrimers so attractive that chemists have difficulty in avoiding them? Virtually every chemist can contribute to dendrimer chemistry, be it with a certain synthetic method which is also applicable to dendritic structures, be it with polymer chemical and analytical methods or supramolecular aspects such as host/guest interactions.Dendrimers have developed into an amalgam, into a market place of chemistry in which all the branches of chemistry organic, inorganic, physical-chemical, polymer-chemical or analytical chemistry have come together and stimulate each other.Dendrimers have become a molecular reaction vessel in the figurative sense. Similarly biological and material sciences benefit, for dendrimers have proved to be useful in diagnostics, as a component of thin layers, in catalysis as well as in nano sciences.This inter-disciplinary input has stimulated chemistry as a whole in that it has led to the development of optimized analytical devices."
Following the first two volumes "Dendrimers" (TCC vol. 197) and "Dendrimers II" (TCC vol. 210), the third volume dealing with this topic is now appearing in print (the "tetralogy" on dendrimers will soon be completed with the fourth volume). The present volume comprises a collection of up-to-date reviews written by renowned pioneers of research in the dendrimer field, three of whom lectured at the 1. International Dendrimer Symposium (IDS-1 1999) in Frankfurt. A focus of this volume is the variety of material properties of soft and shape-persistent dendrimers. As its predecessors did, this volume breaks through the frontiers to neighboring disciplines and, in an interdisciplinary approach, addresses topics such as polydisperse, hyperbranched macromolecules (dendritic polymers), the analysis of shape and density by small-angle scattering techniques, finely dispersed metals (dendrimers as catalysts), and nanotechnology close to potential applications.
Dendrimers are a class of highly branched molecules that combine the properties of polymers and small discrete molecules. One classified among the exotic molecules of chemistry, dendrimers have attracted considerable attention in recent years, as their unique host/guest properties and their capability of being functionalized in the periphery as well in the core have led to new materials with a great potential for applications. This volume presents the state of art in this blossoming area, written by pioneers in the fields. Covering the synthetic, supramolecular, stereochemical, host/guest and polymer chemistry of dendritic and hyperbranched molecules, this volume explains both theoretical and practical aspects, including chirality reactivity, mechanism, material properties and biological relevance.
1. P. Knops, N. Sendhoff, H.-B. Mekelburger, F. Voegtle, Bonn/FRG HighDilution Reactions - New Synthetic Applications 2. A. Ostrowicki, E. Koepp, F. Voegtle, Bonn/FRG The "Cesium Effect": Syntheses of Medio- and Macrocyclic Compounds 3. J. Dohm, F. Voegtle, Bonn/FRG Synthesis of (Strained) Macrocycles by Sulfone Pyrolysis 4. Q. Meng, M. Hesse, Zurich/Switzerland Ring Closure Methods in the Synthesis of Macrocyclic Natural Products 5. J.L. Sessler, A.K. Burrell, Austin, TX/USA Expanded Porphyrins
In this exciting and rapid development reflecting book twelve of the participants at the Symposium "From Simple Material Systems to Complex Ones" - "From Information to Structure" give a general view of todays knowledge with respect to multi-, inter- and transdisciplinary research in chemistry and science in general. How to analyse e. g. non-covalent interactions in the case of molecular recognitions or selfreplication, how to build up e. g. clusters and self-assembled molecules or how, in general, a knowledge of simple systems, acquired by the instruments of natural science research can be transferred to (more) complex systems and be utilized to improve our understanding, even of society was discussed by experts on chemical subjects like biochemistry, structure analysis, supramolecular chemistry and cluster formation up to biophysics, social sciences and philosophy.
Following the first two volumes "Dendrimers" (TCC vol. 197) and "Dendrimers II" (TCC vol. 210), the third volume dealing with this topic is now appearing in print (the "tetralogy" on dendrimers will soon be completed with the fourth volume). The present volume comprises a collection of up-to-date reviews written by renowned pioneers of research in the dendrimer field, three of whom lectured at the 1. International Dendrimer Symposium (IDS-1 1999) in Frankfurt. A focus of this volume is the variety of material properties of soft and shape-persistent dendrimers. As its predecessors did, this volume breaks through the frontiers to neighboring disciplines and, in an interdisciplinary approach, addresses topics such as polydisperse, hyperbranched macromolecules (dendritic polymers), the analysis of shape and density by small-angle scattering techniques, finely dispersed metals (dendrimers as catalysts), and nanotechnology close to potential applications.
The second volume on dendrimers is again written by pioneers in the field. Their contributions illuminate the aspects of dendrimers mentioned in the subtitle, and also touch on areas beyond chemistry, namely material sciences as well as biological, medicinal, analytical, and nano aspects.
Dendrimers stand within the focus of quite an interdisciplinary area of research: Metallodendrimers bring inorganic chemistry into play. Organic synthesis c- tributes much to the preparation of dendrimers, which are then studied by various physicochemical methods such as small angle neutron scattering, photochemistry, and many others. The relation to macromolecules is straig- forward, but their routine use in biochemistry, e. g. , as gene transfection vectors may be less obvious. Al1 these different aspects have been combined in the Topics tetralogy in order to provide an overview as broad as possible in this fascinating field of chemistry. The fourth and final issue in the series starts with a chapter by Chow on the synthesis of dendritic oligoethers, which represent polypodands soluble in many solvents. Two contributions deal with dendrimers based on the "le- than-covalent" bond. While metal coordination as described in the review by Reinhoudt still employs rather strong bonds with bond energies close to co- lent bonds, Zimmerman's overview comprises dendrimers that self-assemble via weak forces such as hydrogen bonding. Biologic activity is one of the major topics in Lindhorst's overview of glycodendrimers, which have become a useful tool for the study of carbohydrate-protein interactions and multivalency. The article by Hirsch on fullerenes containing dendrimers provides extensive inf- mation on their properties as new materials. Finally, function again is a major topic, when catalysis (van Koten) is achieved using dendrimers.
Dieses Buch - als erstes in deutscher Sprache - gibt eine Gesamtubersicht uber dendritische Molekule. Ausgehend von der Definition und Nomenklatur uber Struktur, Synthese, Analytik und Funktion wird der fachubergreifende Charakter (Organische, Anorganische, Analytische, Supramolekulare, Physikalische, Polymer-, Photo- und Biochemie, Physik, Biologie, Pharmazie, Medizin, Technik) dieser noch jungen Verbindungsklasse deutlich gemacht. Anwendungen in den Lebenswissenschaften (u. a. medizinische Diagnostik, Gentransfektion) und den Materialwissenschaften (z. B. Nanopartikel, Lacke, Hybridmaterialien, Oberflachen) werden beschrieben.
Unter "Supramolekularer Chemie" versteht man die "Chemie uber das einzelne Molekul hinaus," das Zusammenwirken mehrerer Molekule. Molekulare Erkennung und nichtkovalente Wechselwirkungen fuhren zu Molekulaggregaten und -verbanden. Die vorliegende 2. Auflage wurde an vielen Stellen verbessert und um die Kapitel Calixarene, Porphyrine als Wirtverbindungen, Langmuir-Blodgett-Filme, Organische Verbindungen mit nichtlinearen optischen Eigenschaften, Chemische Sensoren erweitert. Zahlreiche neue Literaturzitate wurden erganzt."
Der Autor versucht, die Vielfalt der Strukturen und Daten so zu ordnen, dass bestimmte Molekulgruppen gut aufzufinden sind. Mancher Abschnitt wurde zum ersten Mal in dieser Form zusammengestellt oder erscheint erstmals in deutscher Sprache."
Grundlage dieses Bandes sind zum einen Vorlesungen an der Universitat Bonn, die den Titel "Reizvolle Molekule der Organischen Chemie", "Moder- ne Methoden, Reaktionen und Strukturen in der Organischen Chemie", "Neuere Ergebnisse und Probleme der Organischen Chemie", trugen. Zum anderen zeigte die Resonanz auf Zeitschriften-Beitrage "Schoene Molekule in der Organischen Chemie" 1), dass dieser Bereich der Chemie und die Art der Vermittlung beim Leser Anklang fand. Durch die vor kurzem abge- schlossene Synthese des uIisubstituierten Dodecahedrans und neuere Befunde und Erkenntnisse an zahlreichen anderen Molekulskeletten {Pagodan, Dode- cahedran, Cuban, Cuben, [1. 1. 1]Propellan, Biphenylen, Helicene, Circulene, Troeger-Base . . . } wurde die The atik, inzwischen noch aktueller. Attraktive Molekule und das "Darumherum" (Historisches, Synthese, Eigen- schaften, Spektroskopie, Anwendung . . . ) sind zum Einstieg in die Chemie ebenso gut wie zur Fortbildung und fur Seminare geeignet. In Streifzugen durch die Organische Chemie kann- der Stoff lebendig gestaltet und mit zahlreichen Querverbindungen versehen werden. Das Buch war zunachst so angekgi, dass auf die Eroerterung einzelner exoti- scher Molekule im ersten Teil ein zweiter, ebenso langer Teil uber die Ag- gregation von Molekulen zu "Supramolekularen Strukturen" folgte. Da dieser "Supramolekularen Chemie" nach der Verleihung der Nobelpreise 1987 ein groesserer Raum zugestanden werden musste und da beide Teile zusammen den Rahmen der vorliegenden Studienbuch-Reihe gesprengt hatten, wurden sie getrennt, so dass nun zwei annahernd gleich umfangreiche und aufeinan- der abgestimmte Bande mit den Titeln "Reizvolle Molekule der Organischen Chemie" und "Supramolekulare Chemie - Eine Einfuhrung" vorliegen.
Dieses Buch ist aus Vorlesungen an der Universitat Bonn entstanden, die den Titel "Moderne Methoden, Reaktionen und Strukturen in der Organischen Chemie," "Neuere Ergebnisse und Probleme der Organischen Chemie," "Neue Molekiile und Reaktionen der Organischen, Bioorganischen und Supramolekularen Chemie" trugen. Das Buch war zunachst so angelegt, daB auf die Erorterung "Reizvoller Molekiile der Organischen Chemie" im ersten Teil ein zweiter, ebenso langer Teil iiber die Aggregation "von Molekiilen zu supramolekularen Strukturen" folgte. Da der Supramolekulareo Cbemie nach der Verleihung der Chemie-Nobelpreise 1987 ein groBerer Raum zugestanden werden muBte, der gesamte Stoff aber den Rahmen der vorliegenden Studienbucb-Reihe gesprengt batte, wurde er geteiIt, so daB nun zwei annahernd gleich umfangreiche und aufeinander abgestimmte Bande mit den Titeln "Reizvolle Molekiile der Orgaoiscbeo Cbemie" und "Supramolekulare Cbemie - Eioe Eiofiibruog" vorliegen werden. Leider muBten wegen der Beschrlinkung der Seitenzahl weitere vorbereitete Abschnitte entfallen. Die Behandlung des Phthalocvanins am Ende des Bandes "Reizvolle Molekiile der Organischen Chemie" leitet zum vorliegenden Band "Supramolekulare Chemie" iiber, wahrend das Bjpvrjdjn am Anfang der "Supramolekularen Chemie" die Molekiil-Thematik des zugehorigen Bandes "Reizvolle MolekiiIe ... " aufgreift und zu den supramolekularen Strukturen weiterentwickeIt. Wahrend im Band "Reizvolle Molekiile der Organischen Chemie" das einzelne Molekiil im Vordergrund der Betrachtung steht, wird im vorliegenden das Zusammenwirken mehrerer Molekiile, also die Eigenschaften, Funktionen und Anwendungen von Molekiilaggregaten und Molekiilverbiiodeo, erortert. Molekulare Erkeoouogspbiioomeoe, d.h. gezieIte Wechselwirkungen zwischen Wirt- und Gastmolekiilen, werden an vielen Stellen detailliert behandeIt.
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