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When people communicate face to face they don't just exchange
verbal information. Rather, communication encompasses the whole
body. Communication partners synchronize their body sway, and mimic
or imitate each other's body postures and actions. They produce a
multitude of manual and facial gestures that help to illustrate
what is being said, show how communication partners feel, or give
away verbal cues. Moreover, face-to-face communication takes place
in shared contexts where partners jointly attend and refer to the
same objects, often while working on joint tasks such as carrying a
table or repairing a car together.
Even the simplest social interactions require us to gather, integrate, and act upon, multiple streams of information about others and our surroundings. In this Element, we discuss how perceptual processes provide us with an accurate account of action-relevant information in social contexts. We overview contemporary theories and research that explores how: (1) individuals perceive others' mental states and actions, (2) individuals perceive affordances for themselves, others, and the dyad, and (3) how social contexts guide our attention to modulate what we perceive. Finally, we review work on the cognitive mechanisms that make joint action possible and discuss their links to perception.
Embodied agents play an increasingly important role in cognitive interaction technology. The two main types of embodied agents are virtual humans inhabiting simulated environments and humanoid robots inhabiting the real world. So far research on embodied communicative agents has mainly explored their potential for practical applications. However, the design of communicative artificial agents can also be of great heuristic value for the scientific study of communication. It allows researchers to isolate, implement, and test essential properties of inter-agent communications in operational models. Modeling communication with robots and virtual humans thus involves the vision of using communicative machines as research tools. Artificial systems that reproduce certain aspects of natural, multimodal communication help to elucidate the internal mechanisms that give rise to different aspects of communication. In short, constructing embodied agents who are able to communicate may help us to understand the principles of human communication. As a comprehensive theme, "Embodied Communication in Humans and Machines" was taken up by an international research group hosted by Bielefeld University's Center for Interdisciplinary Research (ZiF - Zentrum fur interdisziplinare Forschung) from October 2005 through September 2006. The overarching goal of this research year was to develop an integrated perspective of embodiment in communication, establishing bridges between lower-level, sensorimotor functions and a range of higher-level, communicative functions involving language and bodily action. The present volume grew out of a workshop that took place during April 5-8, 2006 at the ZiF as a part of the research year on embodied communication."
The human body has long inspired artists, philosophers, musicians,
and writers. Researchers in the psychological sciences, however,
have only relatively recently begun to acknowledge the role the
body plays in perception and cognition. With the general notion of
cognition recently broadening to include its embodied nature,
researchers' accounts of perception have increasingly come to
include the body's special status as a window on the world and to
accommodate the specific perceptual requirements for identifying,
interpreting, and interacting with other bodies.
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