Since the discovery by J. E. Lovelock, R. J. Maggs and R. A. Rasmussen, in 1972, of its ubiquity in sea water, dimethyl sulphide (DMS) , a biologically produced sulphur compound, has been the subject of continuously increasing interest by the scientific community. DMS was immediately recognized as an important component of the biogeochemical sulphur cycle, and is now indicated as the second most important source of sulphur in the atmosphere, after anthropogenic so emission from fossil fuel combustion and 2 industry. DMS reacts rapidly in the atmosphere where it is oxidized to condensable acidic sulphur products; in fact, rainwater acidification, observed in remote areas, is attributed to DMS emissions. The hypothesis of a climatic role of DMS was made already in 1983 by B. Shaw, and by B. C. Nguyen, B. Bonsang and A. Gaudry. In 1987, a study appeared in Nature, in. which R. J. Charlson, J. E. Lovelock, M. O. Andreae and S. G. Warren suggested the possibility of a partial control of the climate by the biosphere through a chain of processes, linking production of DMS by marine phytoplankton with changes in clouds albedo. The publication of this paper triggered a strong debate and stimulated new efforts to describe the various aspects of the DMS cycle in the environment. The paper was timely and added to the discussion on the relative roles of atmospheric sulphur and greenhouse gases in the Earth's radiative budget.

Session I - Multidisciplinary Studies.- Field data versus modelling. Why environmental sciences need both.- Field testing of transport models for organic chemicals in surface and subsurface water.- The transport and fate of organic pollutants in rivers. II - Field measurement and modelling for styrene, xylenes, dichlorobenzenes and 4-phenyl-dodecane.- Environmental applications of chemometrics - envirometrics.- Session II - Partitioning of Organic Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment.- Sorption kinetics of micropollutants from suspended particles: experimental observations and modelling.- Bioaccumulation kinetics: experimental data and modelling.- Bioaccumulation of nonylphenol in caged mussels in an industrial coastal area on the Swedish West coast.- Transport and distribution of DDT and PCB in the upper Sado estuary, and accumulation in oysters: importance of runoff.- Herbicide losses in runoff from the agricultural area of Thessaloniki in Thermaikos Gulf, N. Greece.- Session III - Novel Analytical Techniques in Environmental Chemistry.- The role of capillary GC - Hyphenated techniques in water analysis.- Supercritical fluid extraction of chlorinated compounds and other pollutants.- Application of AMD to the determination of crop-protection agents in drinking water - Fundamentals and method.- Session IV - Monitoring Micropollutant.- Liquid chromatographic strategies for the determination of pesticides in the aquatic environment.- Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in drinking water and related samples.- Chemical Analysis as a cyclic procedure (a chain is only as strong as its weakest link).- Session V - Degradation of Organic Micropollutants During Field Conditions.- Microbial degradation of mixtures of aromatic compounds at low concentrations under aerobic conditions.- Microbial aspects of the behaviour of chlorinated compounds during soil passage.- Session VI - Reclamation of Polluted Ground Water.- In situ biorestoration of a subsoil, contaminated with gasoline.- Bioremediation of chlorophenol-contaminated ground water.- Synergic behaviour of microorganisms able to degrade halogenated organic substances.- Session VII- Chemical and Photochemical Oxidation.- Photochemical processes in water and their stimulation for the degradation of organic micropollutants.- Removal of nitrogenous pesticides by direct and radical type ozonation.- The effect of ozonation and biological filtration on the removal of cyanobacterial toxins.- Session VIII - Future of Environmental Chemistry.- Global aspects of the environmental fate of organic micropollutants.- Environmental problems in a long term perspective.- EC policy in the field of water.- Poster Session I - Analytical Methodologies.- Carboxylic biointermediates of LAS and NPEO: synthesis, characterization and RP-HPLC determination.- Dual Column chromatography in a standard gas chromatograph.- Identification of volatile organic compounds in urban and industrial effluents discharged at Sado estuary.- The evaluation of three solvent extraction techniques for the isolation of n-herbicides from drinking-and surface water.- Two interlaboratory studies on volatile organic hydrocarbons.- Determination of nitroaromatics in water using substance specific detection modes.- HPLC with Diode-Array-Detection - a new multi-method in the determination of pesticides in drinking water.- GC determination of chlorophenoxy acids in minor polluted waters.- Multi-component analysis of pesticides in water samples by HPLC. Rapid extraction and neutral/acid fractionation by a carbopack cartridge.- FAB mass spectrometric applications to the study of non volatile organic compounds in water.- Determination of organotin miticides in water and vegetables.- Field measurement of volatile organic chemicals by membrane inlet mass spectometry.- Extraction and analysis of organic micropollutants in river water.- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.- Identification and behaviour of iodinated haloform medicinal odor.- C...

WOUIRG PARTY I: AlIALYSIS or POLLUTAIITS Chairman: A. LIBERTI (CNR - Roma, I) Summary by the Chairman 3 Detection of gaseous nitric acid by OH (A~X) - fluorescence gen- erated by ArF-laser irradiation Th. PAPENBROCK and F. STUHL 5 Preparation of standard atmospheres of nitrogen acid compounds: the N02 permeation tube I. ALLEGRINI, P. BUTTINI, V. DI PALO and M. POSSANZINI 15 Automated denuder systems J. SLANINA, A. M. VAN WENSVEEN, C. A. M. SCHOONEBEEK and P. I. VOORS 25 A battery-powered light-weight ozone analyzer for use in the troposphere and stratosphere S. SARAND, W. SPEUSER and U. SCHURATH 33 H202 in solid precipitation A. NEFTEL, A. SIGG and P. JACOB 45 Detection of nitrated and oxygenated polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAR) in suspended particulate matter sampled in urban areas and their relation with anthropogenic emission and photochemical smog formation A. CECINATO, E. BRANCALEONI, C. DI PALO, R. DRAISCI and P. CICCIOLI 58 Field intercomparison of sampling and analytical methods for S02 and S04 in ambient air K. NODOP and J. E. HANSSEN 69 Field measurements on the use of denuders for the evaluation of acid deposition Istituto sull'Inquinamento Atmosferico del C. N. R. , Mon- rotondo, Italy 79 -vii- Use of air - S02 mixtures for intercomparison of S02 monitors in the EEC M. PAYRI S SAT , H. RAU and G. SERRINI 103 Determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-P-dioxins and dibenzofurans in outdoor air P. KIRSCHMER and M.

More than 10 years after the "First European Symposium on Organic Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment," the "Sixth Symposium" was held in Lisbon (Portugal) from 22 to 24 May 1990. The Symposium was organised within the framework of the Concerted Action COST 641 * which is included in the Fourth R&D Programme on the Environment of the Commission of the European Communities expiring at the end of 1990. After restructuring the Concerted Action in 1984, particular attention has been devoted to fate and transformation of organic micropollutants in the aquatic environment. Therefore, a major aim of the Symposium was to review current studies and progress in these areas, besides more general aspects related to analytical methodologies and behaviour of pollutants during water treatment processes. This volume contains the plenary papers presented in the following sessions at the Symposium: - Multidisciplinary studies - Partitioning of organic micropollutants in the aquatic environment - Novel analytical techniques in environmental chemistry - Monitoring micropollutant - Degradation of organic micropollutants during field conditions - Reclamation of polluted ground water - Chemical and photochemical oxidation - Future of environmental chemistry. In addition, extended versions of posters are included, covering the four topics which are dealt within the four Working Parties forming the structure of the Concerted Action: 1. Analytical methodologies 2. Transport and distribution 3. Transformation reactions 4. Water treatment. We believe that the Proceedings give a good overview of current activities in these fields of research in Europe.

Le rassemblement sur la zone industrielle de FOS-BERRE d'une densite importante de mesures meteorologiques et physioo-chimiques, per- met de proposer, dans Ie cadre de notre action COST 61 a bis, l'utilisa- tion de ces mesures pour initialiser et verifier divers types de modeles. L'objectif initial de cette campagne est l'intercomparaison d'instruments de teledetection. II s'agit d'une des campagnes effectuees periodiquement, en des sites differents a l'initiative des Communautes europeennes. Ces campagnes comportent deux phases: la premiere est l'inter- calibration des instruments au m@me point, et la seconde est l'estimation des flux de polluants sur la zone etudiee. Effectuee en general a l'aide de moyens mobiles de teledetec- tion, cette estimation ne peut @tre assuree que si lion connatt Ie champ de vent et Ie profil vertical de temperature (et, bien sOr, les caracte- ristiques des sources polluantes). L'Etablissement d'Etudes et de Recherches Meteorologiques de la Meteorologie Nationale (EERM) et Ie Service Etudes et Recherches de l'E- lectricite de France (EDF) sollicites pour fournir l'assistance meteoro- logique correspondante, ont propose, du fait de la presence de moyens im- portants sur Ie site, une campagne mesometeorologique. Ce deuxieme objec- tif a permis d'obtenir des donnees tres completes, que les modelisateurs europeens devraient pouvoir utiliser. II - Aspects meteorologigues, reconstitution des champs Le site de FOS-BERRE se caracterise par sa geographie tourmen- tee: presence de la mer, de l'Etang de Berre et de reliefs. Toutefois, Ie mecanisme engendrant les fortes pollutions reste en gros Ie m@me que sur site homogene.

The Commission of the European Communities presents with this volume the proceedings and the conclusions of the second European Symposium on the analysis of organic micropollutants in water. This symposium has been organized within the framework of the Concerted Action "Analysis of Organic Micropollutants in Water." This research programme is jointly implemented by the European Communities and Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Yugoslavia within the framework of a COST (Cooperation Scientifique et Technique) agreement. The project, also known as COST Project 64b bis, aims at coordinating all relevant research in this field in the participating countries. An effort is made to improve methods and techniques for the identification and quantitative determination of organic compounds present in all types of water. The symposium permitted to review the results achieved during the past three years of research in the following areas: - Sampling and sample treatment - Gas-chromatography Separation of non-volatile compounds, in particular high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) - Mass-spectrometry - Data processing - Specific analytical problems, in particular the analysis of organic halogens and phenolic compounds. The volume gives a rather complete overview of the activities in this field in Europe. We are confident that it constitutes a valuable contribution to solving the important problems posed by the huge number of already identified or yet unknown organic pollutants in water. The Commission of the European Communities wishes to express their sincere thanks to the co-organizers, the National Board for Science and Technology, Dublin and An Foras Forbartha, Dublin.

In October 1979 the First European Symposium on Physico-Chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants was held In Ispra (Italy); 83 scientists attended the conference contributing 44 papers. Ten years later, the Fifth European Symposium on Physico-Chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants, organized as for the previous Symposia In the framework of the Concerted Action *COST 611, was held in Varese (Italy) from 25 to 28 September 1989. This Volume contains the oral papers and the posters presented at this Symposium. Participation at this Conference Is more than doubled of that In 1979 In terms of scientists (185) and contributed papers (110). This simple comparison demonstrates once more the growing attention of the scientific community to the problems related to the pollution of the atmosphere. During these years, Important new Issues have arisen (global pol lutlon/cl Imatlc changes) whl Ie old ones have been reviewed due to new experimental evidence (depletion of stratospheric ozone). The Symposium offered the best opportunity for a review of the current studies and technical progress achieved In the various sectors of the Concerted Action since the Fourth Symposium held In Stresa (Italy) In September 1986. In 1987 the scientific programme and the operational structures of the COST 611 Project were revised. The Project Is now structured into three Working Parties: 1. Development of Analytical Methods to measure Trace Components of the Atmosphere. 2. Atmospheric Chemical and Photochemical Processes. 3. Field measurements and their Interpretation.

The "Fourth European Symposium on Organic Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment" was held in Vienna (Austria) from 22 to 24 October 1985. The Symposium was organized wi thin the framework of the Concerted Action COST 641* which is included in the Third R&D Programme on the Environment of the Commission of the European Communities. The aim of the Symposium was to review recent scientific and technical progress in the area of organic micropollutants in the aquatic environment and to present relevant research papers related to analytical methodologies, transformation reactions and transport of organic micropollutants in water, and water treatment processes. A special session was devoted to theoretical aspects and future acti vi ties. Furthermore, special poster sessions were organized where original contributions were presented. This book presents the Proceedings of the Symposium including all review papers, presentations of research papers and extended versions of all posters. We believe that these Proceedings provide a good overview of the activities in this field in Europe. We are confident that it will constitute a valuable contribution to the understanding and solution of the problems posed by organic micropollutants in the aquatic environment. The Commission of the European Communi ties whishes to express its grati tude to the co-organizers of the Symposium, Bundesministerium fUr Gesundheit und Umweltschutz, Wien, and Der Osterreichische Wasserwirtschaftsverband.

In this book, the proceedings of the Third European Symposium on "Analysis of Organic Micropollutants in Water," held in Oslo (Norway), from 19 to 21 September 1983, are presented. The symposium was organized within the framework of the Concerted Ac tion COST 64b bis *, which has the same name and is included in the Third R&D Programme on Environment of the Commission of the European Communi ties - Indirect and Concerted Actions - 1981 to 1985. The aim of the symposium was to review the progress and results achiev ed during the past two years, since the Second symposium, held in Killarney (Ireland) in November 1981. The programme of the symposium consisted of review papers covering dif ferent areas related to the analysis of the organic pollutants in water, in cluding sampling and sample treatment, gas and liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and specific analytical problems for some types of compounds. We think that the volume gives a rather complete overview of these activities in Europe. Moreover, the paper presented by D. Hunt reviews the development of the new technique mass spectrometry - mass spectrometry in the United States of America. Some special sessions concerned the presentation of original contri butions in form of poster, the extended versions of which are published in this volume."

This volume contains oral papers and posters presented at the "Fifth European Symposium on Organic Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment" held in Rome (Italy) from 20 to 22 October 1987. The Symposium was organ- ised within the framework of the Concerted Action COST 641*) which is in- cluded in the Fourth R&D Programme on the Environment of the Commission of the European Communities. As for the previous symposia, the aim was to review current studies and technical progress in the area of organic micropollutants in the aquatic environment, particularly since the last symposium held in Vienna in October 1985. The programme consisted of review papers and posters re- lated to analytical methodologies, transport and transformation of or- ganic micropollutants in water, water treatment processes and mathemat- ical modelling. Special sessions were devoted to laboratory data treat- ment and environmental scenarios. These proceedings provide a good overview of the activities in this fieiu in Europe and constitute a valuable contribution to the understanding and solution of the problems posed by organic micropollutants in the aquatic environment. The Commission of the European Communities wishes to express sincere thanks to the co-organizers of the Symosium, in particular to Mr A. Liberatori and T. La Noce of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca sulle Acque, Rome.

Since the discovery by J. E. Lovelock, R. J. Maggs and R. A. Rasmussen, in 1972, of its ubiquity in sea water, dimethyl sulphide (DMS) , a biologically produced sulphur compound, has been the subject of continuously increasing interest by the scientific community. DMS was immediately recognized as an important component of the biogeochemical sulphur cycle, and is now indicated as the second most important source of sulphur in the atmosphere, after anthropogenic so emission from fossil fuel combustion and 2 industry. DMS reacts rapidly in the atmosphere where it is oxidized to condensable acidic sulphur products; in fact, rainwater acidification, observed in remote areas, is attributed to DMS emissions. The hypothesis of a climatic role of DMS was made already in 1983 by B. Shaw, and by B. C. Nguyen, B. Bonsang and A. Gaudry. In 1987, a study appeared in Nature, in. which R. J. Charlson, J. E. Lovelock, M. O. Andreae and S. G. Warren suggested the possibility of a partial control of the climate by the biosphere through a chain of processes, linking production of DMS by marine phytoplankton with changes in clouds albedo. The publication of this paper triggered a strong debate and stimulated new efforts to describe the various aspects of the DMS cycle in the environment. The paper was timely and added to the discussion on the relative roles of atmospheric sulphur and greenhouse gases in the Earth's radiative budget.

In October 1979 the First European Symposium on Physico-Chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants was held In Ispra (Italy); 83 scientists attended the conference contributing 44 papers. Ten years later, the Fifth European Symposium on Physico-Chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants, organized as for the previous Symposia In the framework of the Concerted Action *COST 611, was held in Varese (Italy) from 25 to 28 September 1989. This Volume contains the oral papers and the posters presented at this Symposium. Participation at this Conference Is more than doubled of that In 1979 In terms of scientists (185) and contributed papers (110). This simple comparison demonstrates once more the growing attention of the scientific community to the problems related to the pollution of the atmosphere. During these years, Important new Issues have arisen (global pol lutlon/cl Imatlc changes) whl Ie old ones have been reviewed due to new experimental evidence (depletion of stratospheric ozone). The Symposium offered the best opportunity for a review of the current studies and technical progress achieved In the various sectors of the Concerted Action since the Fourth Symposium held In Stresa (Italy) In September 1986. In 1987 the scientific programme and the operational structures of the COST 611 Project were revised. The Project Is now structured into three Working Parties: 1. Development of Analytical Methods to measure Trace Components of the Atmosphere. 2. Atmospheric Chemical and Photochemical Processes. 3. Field measurements and their Interpretation.