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This book presents guidelines on quantitative and qualitative
measures of the geometric features and imperfections of welds to
ensure that it meets the fatigue strength requirements laid out in
the recommendations of the IIW (International Institute of
Welding). Welds that satisfy these quality criteria can be assessed
in accordance with existing IIW recommendations based on nominal
stress, structural stress, notch stress or linear fracture
mechanics. Further, the book defines more restrictive acceptance
criteria based on weld geometry features and imperfections with
increased fatigue strength. Fatigue strength for these welds is
defined as S-N curves expressed in terms of nominal applied stress
or hot spot stress. Where appropriate, reference is made to
existing quality systems for welds.In addition to the acceptance
criteria and fatigue assessment curves, the book also provides
guidance on their inspection and quality control. The successful
implementation of these methods depends on adequate training for
operators and inspectors alike. As such, the publication of the
present IIW Recommendations is intended to encourage the production
of appropriate training aids and guidelines for educating, training
and certifying operators and inspectors.
This book presents guidelines on quantitative and qualitative
measures of the geometric features and imperfections of welds to
ensure that it meets the fatigue strength requirements laid out in
the recommendations of the IIW (International Institute of
Welding). Welds that satisfy these quality criteria can be assessed
in accordance with existing IIW recommendations based on nominal
stress, structural stress, notch stress or linear fracture
mechanics. Further, the book defines more restrictive acceptance
criteria based on weld geometry features and imperfections with
increased fatigue strength. Fatigue strength for these welds is
defined as S-N curves expressed in terms of nominal applied stress
or hot spot stress. Where appropriate, reference is made to
existing quality systems for welds.In addition to the acceptance
criteria and fatigue assessment curves, the book also provides
guidance on their inspection and quality control. The successful
implementation of these methods depends on adequate training for
operators and inspectors alike. As such, the publication of the
present IIW Recommendations is intended to encourage the production
of appropriate training aids and guidelines for educating, training
and certifying operators and inspectors.
Engineering structures for reliable function and safety have to be
designed such that operational mechanical loads are compensated for
by stresses in the components bearable by the materials used. Vhat
is "bearable"? First of all it depends on the properties of the
chosen materials as well as on several other parameters, e.g.
temperature, corrosivity of the environment, elapsed or remaining
serviceable life, unexpected deterioration of materials, whatever
the source and nature of such deterioration may be: defects, loss
of strength, embrittlement, wastage, etc. DEFECTS and PROPERTIES of
materials currently determine loadability. Therefore in addition to
nondestructive testing for defects there is also a need for
nondestructive testing of properties. The third type of information
to be supplied by nondestructive measurement pertains to STRESS
STATES under OPERATIONAL LOADS, i.e. LOAD-INDUCED plus RESIDUAL
STRESSES. Residual stresses normally cannot be calculated; they
have to be measured nondestructively; well-approved
elastomechanical finite element codes are available and used for
calculating load-induced stresses; for redundancy and reliability,
engineers, however, need procedures and instrumentation for
experimental checks.
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