This book is a major history of the dramatic and enduring changes in the daily lives of poor European women and men in the nineteenth century. Rachel G. Fuchs conveys the extraordinary difficulties facing the destitute from England to Russia, paying particular attention to the texture of women's everyday lives. She shows their strength as they attempted to structure a life and set of relationships within a social order, culture, community, and the law. Within a climate of calamities, the poor relied on their own resourcefulness and community connections where the boundaries between the private and public were indistinguishable, and on a system of exchange and reciprocity to help them fashion their culture of expediencies. This accessible synthesis introduces readers to conflicting interpretations of major historic developments and evaluates those interpretations. It will be essential reading for students of women's and gender studies, urban history and social and family history.

During the nineteenth century, European women of all countries and social classes experienced dramatic and enduring changes in their familial, working and political lives. However, the history of women at this time is not one of unmitigated progress - theirs was an uphill struggle, fraught with hindrances, hard work and economic downturns, and the increasing intrusion of the public into their innermost private and personal lives. Breaking away from traditional categories, Rachel G. Fuchs and Victoria E. Thompson provide a sense of the variety and complexity of women's lives across national and regional boundaries, juxtaposing the experiences of women with the perceptions of their lives. Three themes unite this study: - the tension between tradition and modernity - the changing relationship between the community and individual - the shifting boundaries between public and private Dealing with individual women's lives within a large social and cultural context, Fuchs and Thompson demonstrate how strong and courageous women refused to live within the prescribed domestic roles - and how many became the modern women of the twentieth century.

This book is a major history of the dramatic and enduring changes in the daily lives of poor European women and men in the nineteenth century. Rachel G. Fuchs conveys the extraordinary difficulties facing the destitute from England to Russia, paying particular attention to the texture of women's everyday lives. She shows their strength as they attempted to structure a life and set of relationships within a social order, culture, community, and the law. Within a climate of calamities, the poor relied on their own resourcefulness and community connections where the boundaries between the private and public were indistinguishable, and on a system of exchange and reciprocity to help them fashion their culture of expediencies. This accessible synthesis introduces readers to conflicting interpretations of major historic developments and evaluates those interpretations. It will be essential reading for students of women's and gender studies, urban history and social and family history.

1 T.W. Baughman, K.B. Wagner: Recent Advances in ADMET Polymerization.- 2 G. Trimmel, S. Riegler, G. Fuchs, C. Slugovc, F. Stelzer: Liquid Crystalline Polymers by Metathesis Polymerization.- 3 M.R. Buchmeiser: Regioselective Polymerization of 1-Alkynes and Steroselective Cyclopolymerization of alpha, omega -Heptadiynes.

Noch vor ein bis zwei Jahrzehnten geniigten zum Medizinstudium die wiihrend der SchuIzeit erworbenen und in der Reifepriifung nachgewiesenen Mathematik Kenntnisse. Durch die Fortschritte der Physik und Technik, die in den verschiedenen Gebieten der Medizin ihren Niederschlag gefunden haben, sind jedoch die mathe matischen Anforderungen groBer geworden. Besonders in den drei folgenden Ge bieten kommt das zum Ausdruck: 1. Die funktionellen Grundfacher, von denen die Physiologie im Buch nur stell vertretend genannt worden ist, bediirfen zu ihrem Verstiindnis jetzt der Kenntnis elementarer Differentialgleichungen, Umgang mit Funktionen auch von mehreren Veriinderlichen sowie der Zuordnung von Formeln zu empirisch gefundenen Funktionsbildern. 2. Die medizinische Statistik hat durch die in den letzten Jahrzehnten von der modernen Stichprobenstatistik erarbeiteten Testverfahren gerade die meist kleineren Stichproben der Medizin aussagekriiftig gemacht. Hier sind zum Verstiindnis Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung sowie das Rechnen mit Verteilungsfunktionen notwendig geworden. 3. Die medizinische Datenverarbeitung ist seit Einfiihrung automatisierter Dokumentationsverfahren, zuniichst der Maschinenlochkarten, und spiiter durch den Einsatz von elektronischen Anlagen (Computer) ebenfalls in aIle Bereiche der klinischen und theoretischen Medizin eingedrungen. Zum ver stiindnisvollen Einsatz gehOren einerseits gewisse Kenntnisse iiber Niiherungs verfahren zur Losung von Gleichungen, Integralen usw. sowie Kenntnisse zur logischen Algebra und Mengenlehre. Dariiber hinaus muB auch der Mediziner etwas iiber Maschinen-Codes und Programmiersprachen wissen."

This groundbreaking study examines complex notions of paternity and fatherhood in modern France through the lens of contested paternity. Drawing from archival judicial records on paternity suits, paternity denials, deprivation of paternity, and adoption, from the end of the eighteenth century through the twentieth, Rachel G. Fuchs reveals how paternity was defined and how it functioned in the culture and experiences of individual men and women. She addresses the competing definitions of paternity and of families, how public policy toward paternity and the family shifted, and what individuals did to facilitate their personal and familial ideals and goals.

Issues of paternity and the family have broad implications for an understanding of how private acts were governed by laws of the state. Focusing on paternity as a category of family history, " Contested Paternity" emphasizes the importance of fatherhood, the family, and the law within the greater context of changing attitudes toward parental responsibility.

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: ++++ Beschreibung Der Stadt Elbing Und Ihres Gebietes In Topographischer, Geschichtlicher Und Statistischer Hinsicht, Volume 1; Beschreibung Der Stadt Elbing Und Ihres Gebietes In Topographischer, Geschichtlicher Und Statistischer Hinsicht; Michael G. Fuchs Michael G. Fuchs Hartmann, 1818

During the nineteenth century, European women of all countries and social classes experienced dramatic and enduring changes in their familial, working and political lives. However, the history of women at this time is not one of unmitigated progress - theirs was an uphill struggle, fraught with hindrances, hard work and economic downturns, and the increasing intrusion of the public into their innermost private and personal lives. Breaking away from traditional categories, Rachel G. Fuchs and Victoria E. Thompson provide a sense of the variety and complexity of women's lives across national and regional boundaries, juxtaposing the experiences of women with the perceptions of their lives. Three themes unite this study: - the tension between tradition and modernity - the changing relationship between the community and individual - the shifting boundaries between public and private Dealing with individual women's lives within a large social and cultural context, Fuchs and Thompson demonstrate how strong and courageous women refused to live within the prescribed domestic roles - and how many became the modern women of the twentieth century.