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More than 140 years ago, lupus erythematosus (LE) was recognized as
a disease entity by clinicians working in the field of dermatology,
which had only recently become an independent medical discipline.
Soon after cutaneous lupus was first reported, it was realized
that, apart from the skin, the disease could involve other organs
and thus be systemic in nature. The latter observations were first
made by MORITZ KApOSI [1], whose work has attracted renewed
attention re cently and who succeeded FERDINAND VON HEBRA to the
chair of dermatology at the Medical Faculty in Vienna. The early
description of lupus erythematosus in both its cutaneous and
systemic manifes tations was thus intimately associated with Vienna
and its Medical School. The next phase in the study of lupus was
characterized by an in crease in knowledge of the type and extent
of organ involvement. The work by OSLER [2], LIBMANN and SACKS [3],
and KLEMPERER [4] best represents these advances. The increase in
clinical knowledge of LE finally led to DUBOIS' famous monograph
[5], which was pub lished at a time of renewed interest in SLE,
elicited by the descrip tion by HARGRAVES et al. [6] of the LE-cell
phenomenon. A more detailed analysis of this finding revealed that
the disease was charac terized by an abnormal immune response,
although its pathogenetic implications were still unclear.
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