The enormous advances in observational techniques over the last two decades has produced a wealth of data and unexpected discoveries which have helped to reshape astrophysics as a field with well-formulated theories and sophisticated numerical calculations. In nuclear particle physics, plasma physics, as well as in general relativity, the Universe has become a laboratory for cutting-edge research. The courses collected in the book are intended to provide students with this insight, giving a general background on each topic such as cosmic rays, nuclear and neutrino astrophysics, solar physics and strong fields, as well as a presentation of the current research and open problems. The book is aimed at graduate students in physics and astrophysics, as well as researchers, bridging a gap between the specialized reviews and the comprehensive books.

The enormous advances in observational techniques over the last two decades has produced a wealth of data and unexpected discoveries which have helped to reshape astrophysics as a field with well-formulated theories and sophisticated numerical calculations. In nuclear particle physics, plasma physics, as well as in general relativity, the Universe has become a laboratory for cutting-edge research. The courses collected in the book are intended to provide students with this insight, giving a general background on each topic such as cosmic rays, nuclear and neutrino astrophysics, solar physics and strong fields, as well as a presentation of the current research and open problems. The book is aimed at graduate students in physics and astrophysics, as well as researchers, bridging a gap between the specialized reviews and the comprehensive books.

Studying for licensure examinations is like eating a twelve course meal: if you try and do it in five minutes, it will make you sick. As you prepare, pace yourself, don't memorize but review, and, most importantly, a few days before the examina tion, try and get some rest. I don't think I've ever heard of a soul who looked forward to this examination, and I can assure you no one has ever walked out saying "What a wonderful experi ence." Think of this ordeal as a rite of passage and try to remember that most of you will make it through. I'd like to thank Dr. Ron Krug for his continued support and guidance, not only in the preparation of this text, but through the years. Additional thanks to Dr. Rita Claudet for continued suggestions and editing of this text. Good luck in your studies and remember what Winston Churchill said, "Never, never, never, give up " Jeffrey G. Hirsch, M.D."

Die bisher vertretenen Standpunkte Fur die arztliche Aufklarungspflicht "besteht ein ausschlieBlicher Zustandig- keitsbereich des Arztes"s. "N ach ganz einhelliger Auffassung ist namlich die Aufklarung vor der Behandlung die klassische und geradezu typische Aufgabe des behandelnden Arztes bzw. des Operateurs, 6. "Die Aufklarungspflicht obliegt demnach als arztliche Aufgabe ausschlieBlich dem Arzt, 7. So lauten die Stellungnahmen dreier Juristen auf die Frage der Redaktion der Deutschen Krankenpflegezeitschrift: "Wer darf Informationen an den Patienten weiterge- ben und welche?"g Diese Auskunfte entsprechen weithin den Vorgaben von Gesetzgebung, 9 Rechtsprechung und Literatur, soweit sie sich des Themas uberhaupt angenom- men haben. Das Arzneimittelgesetz verlangt als Wirksamkeitsvoraussetzung der Einwilli- gung des Patienten oder Probanden die Aufklarung "durch einen Arzt" ( 40 I Nr. 2; 41 Nr. 5 AMG). Die Strahlenschutzverordnung legt dieses Erfordernis noch genauer fest: "Vor der Einwilligung ist der Proband durch den das For- schungsvorhaben leitenden Arzt oder einen von diesem beauftragten Arzt ... aufzuklaren" ( 41 I Nr. 8 StrSchVO). Die Deklaration von Helsinki verlangt erheblich weniger weitgehend, daB "jede Versuchsperson ausreichend, .. unter- richtet werden" muB (1 Allgemeine Grundsatze, 1.9).

des Herausgebers Als ich im Spatherbst 1985 die beiden Autoren Gunter Hirsch und Wolfram Eberbach bat, dieses Buch zu schreiben, waren wir den drangenden Fragen der kunstlichen Befruchtung und der Gentechnologie schon vielfach wahrend gemeinsamer wissen- schaftlicher und publizistischer Arbeit begegnet. Uns war zunehmend deutlicher geworden, dass die Kennt- nisse daruber in den sogenannten gebildeten Kreisen ausseror- dentlich luckenhaft, die Vorstellungen bisweilen naiv, manch- mal sogar abenteuerlich sind, ganz zu schweigen vom spurbaren Unwissen auch in "Fachkreisen". Das wunderte uns zunachst, gab es doch in der Tagespresse, z. B. im Feuilleton der Frank- furter Allgemeinen Zeitung, in der ZEIT und an anderer Stelle, wiederholt ausgezeichnete Beitrage zu diesen Themen. Auch das Fernsehen und die Rundfunkanstalten hatten die Thematik mehrfach aufgegriffen. Weniger Desinteresse, als vielmehr ein gewisses Unbehagen, Sexualitat und Technologie verknupft zu sehen, sowie die angeb- liche Kompliziertheit der Sachverhalte liessen die Schwellenangst vor dem Einstieg in die Materie GEN- und FORTPFLAN- ZUNGSTECHNOLOGIE wachsen. Vielleicht sind sich viele auch (noch) nicht bewusst, in welchem Ausmass wir schon heute von diesen Fragen betroffen sind. Autoren und Herausgeber stammen aus der gleichen Ecke des "Freistaates" Bayern, oder ha- ben zumindest zeitweilig dort gelebt und gearbeitet, teilweise so- gar das gleiche humanistische Gymnasium besucht. Voruberge- hend haben sich die Wege getrennt, die beiden Autoren wurden Juristen, der Herausgeber Mediziner und Publizist.

Die Deutsche Gesellschaft fUr Medizinrecht veranstaltete zu- sammen mit der Bayerischen Landesarztekammer, dem Mtinchner Kollegium fUr Therapieforschung und der Paul- Martini-Stiftung am 25. Januar 1985 in Mtinchen ein Sympo- sium zum Thema "Forschung am Menschen". Das Thema wurde ftir die erste wissenschaftliche Veran- staltung der Deutschen Gesellschaft fUr Medizinrecht ge- wahlt, urn in Grundsatzfragen, die beide Disziplinen, das Recht und die Medizin, beriihren, Verstandigung zu suchen. In einer Zeit der Spezialisierung und Subspezialisierung, in- mitten einer sich ausbreitenden babylonischen Sprach- und Begriffsverwirrung erscheint es besonders wichtig, daB Arzte und Juristen ins Gesprach kommen und die spezifischen Pro- biemstellungen der anderen Disziplin kennen und verstehen lemen. Forschung ist in der Medizin unverzichtbar. Ohne sie gibt es keinen Fortschritt; der Auftrag der Medizin erfordert steti- gen Erkenntniszuwachs. Die Medizin ist eine Erfahrungswis- senschaft. Wegen der unendlichen Vielzahl der biologischen Komponenten, ihrer Reaktionen und Interaktionen, kann kein Arzt den Erfolg seiner Behandlung garantieren. Selbst der Routineeingriff bleibt, ex ante gesehen, ein Heilversuch. Der Fortschritt der Medizin soIl die Behandlungschancen berechenbarer machen, die immanenten Eingriffsrisiken re- duzieren und neue Behandlungsmoglichkeiten erOffnen. Die- ser Fortschritt vollzieht sich auf vielen Wegen. Wenn es aber darum geht, neue Erkenntnisse in die praktische Anwendung umzusetzen, fUhrt kein Weg vorbei an der Erprobung am Menschen.

This scarce antiquarian book is included in our special Legacy Reprint Series. In the interest of creating a more extensive selection of rare historical book reprints, we have chosen to reproduce this title even though it may possibly have occasional imperfections such as missing and blurred pages, missing text, poor pictures, markings, dark backgrounds and other reproduction issues beyond our control. Because this work is culturally important, we have made it available as a part of our commitment to protecting, preserving and promoting the world's literature.

This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger Publishing's Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature. Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone

This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger PublishingAcentsa -a centss Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature. Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for e

This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger Publishing's Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature. Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone!

This scarce antiquarian book is included in our special Legacy Reprint Series. In the interest of creating a more extensive selection of rare historical book reprints, we have chosen to reproduce this title even though it may possibly have occasional imperfections such as missing and blurred pages, missing text, poor pictures, markings, dark backgrounds and other reproduction issues beyond our control. Because this work is culturally important, we have made it available as a part of our commitment to protecting, preserving and promoting the world's literature.

This scarce antiquarian book is included in our special Legacy Reprint Series. In the interest of creating a more extensive selection of rare historical book reprints, we have chosen to reproduce this title even though it may possibly have occasional imperfections such as missing and blurred pages, missing text, poor pictures, markings, dark backgrounds and other reproduction issues beyond our control. Because this work is culturally important, we have made it available as a part of our commitment to protecting, preserving and promoting the world's literature.

This scarce antiquarian book is included in our special Legacy Reprint Series. In the interest of creating a more extensive selection of rare historical book reprints, we have chosen to reproduce this title even though it may possibly have occasional imperfections such as missing and blurred pages, missing text, poor pictures, markings, dark backgrounds and other reproduction issues beyond our control. Because this work is culturally important, we have made it available as a part of our commitment to protecting, preserving and promoting the world's literature.

This CD-ROM uses video, audio, text, graphics, photographs and animation to teach the Forest Fire Behavior Prediction System. This system provides a systematic method for assessing fire behaviour. It mathematically expresses and integrates many of the major fuel, weather and topographic factors that influence fire behaviour. The CD-ROM provides many examples, exercises and tests to help users evaluate their understanding of the FBP System and how it can be used operationally. The CD-ROM also includes three interactive case studies and an FBP System calculator. The CD-ROM contains over seven hours of informative training material. It is a companion to the "Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction (FBP) System: User's Guide". It should be useful to fire managers, forest managers, ecologists, and other individuals interested in forest fires and their effects. The system requirements for the CD-ROM are: Windows 95 or NT, Pentium 100 with 16 MB of RAM, 100 MB of free hard drive space, 8x CD-ROM, mouse, SVGA monitor, and sound card. Video for Windows software is included.