Processing the Past explores the dramatic changes taking place in historical understanding and archival management, and hence the relations between historians and archivists. Written by an archivist and a historian, it shows how these changes have been brought on by new historical thinking, new conceptions of archives, changing notions of historical authority, modifications in archival practices, and new information technologies. The book takes an "archival turn" by situating archives as subjects rather than places of study, and examining the increasingly problematic relationships between historical and archival work. The book sets the background to these changes by showing how nineteenth- and early twentieth-century historians and archivists in Europe and North American came to occupy the same conceptual and methodological space. For both, authoritative history was based on authoritative archives and mutual understandings of scientific research. The authors then show how these connections changed as historians began to ask questions not easily answered by traditional documentation, and archivists began to confront an unmanageable increase in the amount of material they processed and the challenges of new electronic technologies. The book situates these changes in a review of contemporary historical concepts and archival practices. The authors contend that historians and archivists have divided into two entirely separate professions with distinct conceptual frameworks, training, and purposes, as well as different understandings of the authorities that govern their work. Processing the Past moves toward bridging this divide by speaking in one voice to these very different audiences as well as to general readers. The book concludes by raising the worrisome question of what future historical archives might be like if historical scholars and archivists no longer understand each other, and indeed, whether their now different notions of what is archival and historical will ever again be joined.

In the summer of 1991 the Department of Mathematics and Statistics of the Universite de Montreal was fortunate to host the NATO Advanced Study Institute "Algebras and Orders" as its 30th Seminaire de mathematiques superieures (SMS), a summer school with a long tradition and well-established reputation. This book contains the contributions of the invited speakers. Universal algebra- which established itself only in the 1930's- grew from traditional algebra (e.g., groups, modules, rings and lattices) and logic (e.g., propositional calculus, model theory and the theory of relations). It started by extending results from these fields but by now it is a well-established and dynamic discipline in its own right. One of the objectives of the ASI was to cover a broad spectrum of topics in this field, and to put in evidence the natural links to, and interactions with, boolean algebra, lattice theory, topology, graphs, relations, automata, theoretical computer science and (partial) orders. The theory of orders is a relatively young and vigorous discipline sharing certain topics as well as many researchers and meetings with universal algebra and lattice theory. W. Taylor surveyed the abstract clone theory which formalizes the process of compos ing operations (i.e., the formation of term operations) of an algebra as a special category with countably many objects, and leading naturally to the interpretation and equivalence of varieties."

Semigroups, Automata, Universal Algebra, Varieties

The first volume of a collection of writings by early Soviet critics and theorists.

This monograph extends this approach to the more general investigation of X-lattices, and these "tree lattices" are the main object of study. The authors present a coherent survey of the results on uniform tree lattices, and a (previously unpublished) development of the theory of non-uniform tree lattices, including some fundamental and recently proved existence theorems. Tree Lattices should be a helpful resource to researchers in the field, and may also be used for a graduate course on geometric methods in group theory.

This book is dedicated to Aristid Lindenmayer on the occasion of his 60th birthday on November 17, 1985. Contributions range from mathematics and theoretical computer science to biology. Aristid Lindenmayer introduced language-theoretic models for developmental biology in 1968. Since then the models have been cus tomarily referred to as L systems. Lindenmayer's invention turned out to be one of the most beautiful examples of interdisciplinary science: work in one area (developmental biology) induces most fruitful ideas in other areas (theory of formal languages and automata, and formal power series). As evident from the articles and references in this book, the in terest in L systems is continuously growing. For newcomers the first contact with L systems usually happens via the most basic class of L systems, namely, DOL systems. Here "0" stands for zero context between developing cells. It has been a major typographical problem that printers are unable to distinguish between 0 (zero) and 0 (oh). Thus, DOL was almost always printed with "oh" rather than "zero," and also pronounced that way. However, this misunderstanding turned out to be very fortunate. The wrong spelling "DOL" of "DOL" could be read in the suggestive way: DO L Indeed, hundreds of researchers have followed this suggestion. Some of them appear as contributors to this book. Of the many who could not contribute, we in particular regret the absence of A. Ehrenfeucht, G. Herman and H.A. Maurer whose influence in the theory of L systems has been most significant."

In the summer of 1991 the Department of Mathematics and Statistics of the Universite de Montreal was fortunate to host the NATO Advanced Study Institute "Algebras and Orders" as its 30th Seminaire de mathematiques superieures (SMS), a summer school with a long tradition and well-established reputation. This book contains the contributions of the invited speakers. Universal algebra- which established itself only in the 1930's- grew from traditional algebra (e.g., groups, modules, rings and lattices) and logic (e.g., propositional calculus, model theory and the theory of relations). It started by extending results from these fields but by now it is a well-established and dynamic discipline in its own right. One of the objectives of the ASI was to cover a broad spectrum of topics in this field, and to put in evidence the natural links to, and interactions with, boolean algebra, lattice theory, topology, graphs, relations, automata, theoretical computer science and (partial) orders. The theory of orders is a relatively young and vigorous discipline sharing certain topics as well as many researchers and meetings with universal algebra and lattice theory. W. Taylor surveyed the abstract clone theory which formalizes the process of compos ing operations (i.e., the formation of term operations) of an algebra as a special category with countably many objects, and leading naturally to the interpretation and equivalence of varieties."

Semigroups, Automata, Universal Algebra, Varieties

The REX School/Symposium "A Decade of Concurrency - Reflections and Perspectives" was the final event of a ten-year period of cooperation between three Dutch research groups working on the foundations of concurrency.
Ever since its inception in 1983, the goal of the project has been to contribute to the cross-fertilization between formal methods from the fields of syntax, semantics, and proof theory, aimed at an improved understanding of the nature of parallel computing. The material presented in this volume was prepared by the lecturers (and their coauthors) after the meeting took place.
In total, the volume constitutes a thorough state-of-the-art report of the research activities in concurrency.

Researchers working on the semantics of programming languages came together in The Netherlands in June 1992 for a workshop on Semantics - Foundations and Applications. This volume is based on the meeting and contains material prepared by the lecturers after the meeting took place. The volume includes papers on a wide range of topics in both foundationsand applications, including: - Comparative domain theory, category theory, information systems, - Concurrency: process algebras, asynchronous communication, action semantics, trace nets, process refinement, concurrent constraint programming, - Predicate transformers, refinement, weakest preconditions, - Comparative semantics of programming concepts, full abstraction, - Reasoning about programs: total correctness, epistemic logic, - Logic programming, - Functional programming: sequentiality, integration with concurrency, applied structured operational semantics. The workshop was an activity of the project REX (Research andEducation in Concurrent Systems) sponsored by the Netherlands NFI (NationaleFaciliteit Informatica) Programme.

In the past decade, the formal theory of specification, verfication and development of real-time programs has grown from work of a few specialized groups to a real "bandwagon." Many eminent research groups have shifted their interests in this direction. Consequently, research in real-time is now entering established research areas in formal methods, such as process algebra, temporal logic, and model checking. This volume contains the proceedings of a workshop dedicated to the theory of real-time with the purpose of stepping back and viewing the results achieved as well as considering the directions of ongoing research. The volume gives a representative picture of what is going on in the field worldwide, presented by eminent, active researchers. The material in the volume was prepared by the authors after the workshop took place and reflects the results of the workshop discussions.

Over the last few years, object-oriented programming has been recognized as the best way currently available of structuring software systems. It emphasizes grouping together data and the operations performed on them, encapsulating the whole behind a clean interface, and organizing the resulting entities in a hierarchy based on specialization in functionality. In this way it provides excellent support for the construction of large systems. Up to now, there has been relatively little effort to develop formal theories of object-oriented programming. However, for the field to mature, a more formal understanding of the basic concepts of object-oriented programming is necessary. This volume presents the proceedings of the School/Workshop on Foundations of Object-Oriented Programming (FOOL) held in Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands, May 28 - June 1, 1990. The workshop was an activity of the project REX (Research and Education in Concurrent Systems).

This volume presents a selection of papers presented at the 3rd European Workshop on Appl ications and Theory of Petri Nets that took place in Villa Monastero, Varenna (Italy) in the period September 27 - September 30, 1982. The I ist of topics included: nets and related models, mathematical analysis of nets, transformations and morphisms of nets, formal languages and nets, parallel program verification and nets, the pro blem of time in nets, programming languages based on nets, applications to distributed systems, applications to realtime systems, software ~~gineering, hardware design and its implementation, recoverability problems, nets and formal semantics; net tools. The diversity of topics on this list witnesses the fact that the researchers from very different areas presented their contributions and discussed various research problems during the workshop. This interaction of scientists looking at the area of Petri nets from very different points of view makes this series of workshops interesting and worthwi le. The volume documents the progress of the research concerning Petri nets during a one year time from the 2nd European Workshop held in Bad Honnef in 1981. We think that this was a substantial progress indeed. This observation is even more pleasant if one real izes that during the workshop in Varenna we have celebrated 20 years of "existence" of Petri nets (the seminal work by prof. C.A. Petri appeared precisely 20 years ago). We are very proud to present an invited address by prof. C.A. Petri in this volume.

Although many Russians thought that the Constitutional Democrats, or Kadets, would be the party that would lead them through the Russian Revolution into the ranks of the Western European democracies, the Kadets were easily crushed by the Bolsheviks in the struggle for power. How the Kadets responded to the events of the revolution and failed at the time of the party's greatest crisis is the subject of William G. Rosenberg's study. As political history, the book examines the values, programs, organization, and tactices of Russia's most priminent liberal party from 1917 to 1921. As a study of the Russian Revolution and Civil War, it probes the strengths and weaknesses of the one political group whose politices did more to influence the outcome of events that any other political organization except the Bolsheviks. Based largely on party journals and emigre archives, the book focuses not only on the role of the Kadets in the revolution, but also on the broader issue of the relationship of Russiasn liberal politics to revolutionary social forces. William G. Rosenberg is Associate Professor of History at the University of Michigan. Originally published in 1974. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Although many Russians thought that the Constitutional Democrats, or Kadets, would be the party that would lead them through the Russian Revolution into the ranks of the Western European democracies, the Kadets were easily crushed by the Bolsheviks in the struggle for power. How the Kadets responded to the events of the revolution and failed at the time of the party's greatest crisis is the subject of William G. Rosenberg's study. As political history, the book examines the values, programs, organization, and tactices of Russia's most priminent liberal party from 1917 to 1921. As a study of the Russian Revolution and Civil War, it probes the strengths and weaknesses of the one political group whose politices did more to influence the outcome of events that any other political organization except the Bolsheviks. Based largely on party journals and emigre archives, the book focuses not only on the role of the Kadets in the revolution, but also on the broader issue of the relationship of Russiasn liberal politics to revolutionary social forces. William G. Rosenberg is Associate Professor of History at the University of Michigan. Originally published in 1974. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Processing the Past explores the dramatic changes taking place in historical understanding and archival management and in the relations between historians and archivists. Written by an archivist and a historian, it shows how these changes have been brought on by new historical thinking, new conceptions of archives, changing notions of historical authority, modifications in archival practices, and new information technologies. The book situates archives as subjects rather than places of study and examines the increasingly problematic relationships between historical and archival work. The authors contend that though historians and archivists once occupied the same conceptual and methodological space, they have divided into two separate professions with distinct conceptual frameworks and understandings of the authorities that govern their work: historians now ask questions not easily answered by traditional documentation, and archivists confront the challenges of new technologies and increases in the amounts of material they process. Blouin and Rosenberg conclude by raising the question of what future historical archives might be like if historical scholars and archivists no longer understand each other.

More than seventy years since the Bolsheviks came to power, there is still no comprehensive study of workers' activism in history's first successful workers' revolution. Strikes and Revolution in Russia, 1917 is the first effort in any language to explore this issue in both quantitative and qualitative terms and to relate strikes to the broader processes of Russia's revolutionary transformation. Diane Koenker and William Rosenberg not only provide a new basis for understanding essential elements of Russia's social and political history in this critical period but also make a strong contribution to the literature on European labor movements. Using statistical techniques, but without letting methodology dominate their discussion, the authors examine such major problems as the mobilization of labor and management, factory relations, perceptions, the formation of social identities, and the relationship between labor protest and politics in 1917. They challenge common assumptions by showing that much strike activity in 1917 can be understood as routine, but they are also able to demonstrate how the character of strikes began to change and why. Originally published in 1990. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

More than seventy years since the Bolsheviks came to power, there is still no comprehensive study of workers' activism in history's first successful workers' revolution. Strikes and Revolution in Russia, 1917 is the first effort in any language to explore this issue in both quantitative and qualitative terms and to relate strikes to the broader processes of Russia's revolutionary transformation. Diane Koenker and William Rosenberg not only provide a new basis for understanding essential elements of Russia's social and political history in this critical period but also make a strong contribution to the literature on European labor movements. Using statistical techniques, but without letting methodology dominate their discussion, the authors examine such major problems as the mobilization of labor and management, factory relations, perceptions, the formation of social identities, and the relationship between labor protest and politics in 1917. They challenge common assumptions by showing that much strike activity in 1917 can be understood as routine, but they are also able to demonstrate how the character of strikes began to change and why.

Originally published in 1990.

The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.