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This book represents Volume 2 in a series on the use of Mossbauer
spectroscopy in the study of magnetism and materials. However, the
perceptive reader will notice some differences from Volume 1.
Specifically, in order to market the book at a more affordable
price for most universities and research laboratories, the book has
been prepared in camera ready format The editors and the authors
agreed to do this because there is a demand for such a book in the
Mossbauer community. This format has placed an extra burden on the
editors and the authors and we hope we have overcome all the
difficulties generated by the transfer of files between different
computers. In order to make the book more attractive to materials
scientists who are not experts in Mossbauer spectroscopy, this
volume is particularly oriented towards the study of materials by
Mossbauer spectroscopy and related complementary techniques, such
as neutron scattering and a variety of surface scattering
techniques. The authors of this volume can be proud of the high
quality professional effort they have devoted to clearly presenting
their specific topics. As a result we very much enjoyed working
with the authors on this volume. We hope that their effort will
help to educate the next generation of Mossbauer effect
spectroscopists, a generation which will face the challenge of
maintaining equally high scientific and professional standards in
their research work."
The book you are now holding represents the final step in a long
process for the editors and organizers of the Advanced Study
Institute on hard magnetic materials. The editors interest in hard
magnetic materials began in 1985 with an attempt to better
understand the moments associated with the different iron sites in
Nd Fe B. These 14 moments can be obtained from neutron diffraction
studies, but we qUickly realized that iron-57 Mossbauer
spectroscopy should lead to a better determination of these
moments. However, it was also realized that the complex Mossbauer
spectra obtained for these hard magnetic materials could not be
easily understood without a broad knowledge of their various
structural, electronic, and magnetic properties. Hence it seemed
useful to the editors to bring together scientists and engineers to
discuss, in a tutorial setting, the various properties of these and
future hard magnetic materials. We believe the inclusion of
engineers as well as scientists in these discussions was essential
because the design of new magnetic materials depends very much upon
the mode in which they are used in practical devices.
In 1988 the Mossbauer effect community completed 30 years of
continual contribution to the fields of nuclear physics, solid
state science, and a variety of related disciplines. To celebrate
this anniversary, Professor Gonser of the Universitat des
Saarlandes has contributed a chapter to this volume on the history
of the effect. Although Mossbauer spectroscopy has reached its
mature years, the chapters in this volume illustrate that it is
still a dynamic field of science with applications to topics
ranging from permanent magnets to biologi cal mineralization.
During the discussion of a possible chapter for this volume, a
potential author asked, "Do we really need another Mossbauer book?"
The editors responded in the affirmative because they believe that
a volume of this type offers several advantages. First, it provides
the author with an opportunity to write a personal view of the
subject, either with or without extensive pedagogic content.
Second, there is no artificially imposed restriction on length. In
response to the question, "How long should my chapter be?," we have
responded that it should be as long as is necessary to clearly
present, explain, and evaluate the topic. In this type of book, it
is not necessary to condense the topic into two, four, or eight
pages as is now so often a requirement for publication in the
research literature."
During the past 30 years materials science has developed into a
full-fledged field for basic and applied scientific enquiry.
Indeed, materials scientists have devoted their efforts to creating
new materials with improved electronic, magnetic, thermal,
mechanical, and optical properties. Often unnoticed, these new
materials are rapidly invading our homes and automobiles, and may
be found in our utensils, electronic equipment, textiles, home
appliances, and electric motors. Even though they may go unnoticed,
these new materials have either improved the efficiency and
lifetime of these items or have reduced their weight or cost. In
particular, magnetically ordered materials are useful in various
applications, such as motors, magnetic imaging, magnetic recording,
and magnetic levitation. Hence, much effort has been devoted to the
development of better hard magnetic materials, magnetic thin films,
and molecular magnets. During the same period of time,
Mossbauer-effect spectroscopy has grown from a laboratory curiosity
to a mature spectroscopic technique, a technique that probes
solid-state materials at specific atomic sites and yields
microscopic information on the magnetic and electronic properties
of these materials. Iron-57 is the most commonly and easily used
Mossbauer-effect isotope and, of course, is particularly relevant
for the study of magnetic materials. Various applications of
Mossbauer spectroscopy to magnetic materials are discussed in the
first six chapters of this volume. Other isotopes such as zinc-67
and gadolinium-ISS have recently been used to study the electronic
properties of zinc compounds and the electronic and magnetic
properties of rare-earth transition metal compounds.
When presented with a new compound or material, the inorganic
chemist will usually have several questions in mind about its
composition and structure. Although a simple elemental analysis may
answer many questions about its composition, the chemist will still
have questions about its structure, and, ifthe material contains a
metal atom, he will often want to know its oxidation state,
coordination number and geometry. Further, at an increasingly
frequent rate, the chemist may need details of the spin state,
magnetic and perhaps dynamic properties of the material. If the
investigator is fortunate, the material or compound may contain an
ele ment such as iron, tin, antimony, iodine, gold, or one of
several of the rare earth metals which are amenable to study by the
Mossbauer effect. Often the Mossbauer effect can, sometimes with
quite simple experiments, provide the answers to all of these
questions. The goal of this book is to illustrate the effectiveness
of the Mossbauer effect in providing the answers to the many
questions that arise in char acterizing new materials and, indeed,
in studying known materials in more detail. Several chapters
introduce the effect to the novice and provide details about the
various hyperfine interactions that are the "bread and butter" of
the Mossbauer spectroscopist. Three chapters deal specifically with
the experimental aspects of the technique and the increasing impor
tance of sophisticated computer analysis of the resulting data."
Volume 2 presents the latest applications of M ssbauer spectroscopy
to the study of magnetic materials. Topics include: Surface and
thin film analysis, iron-based amorphous ribbons and wires,
diffusion studies, analytical methods for M ssbauer spectral
analysis of complex materials, and quasicrystalline materials among
others. These discussions will be invaluable to materials
scientists, inorganic chemists, and solid-state chemists.
When presented with a new compound or material, the inorganic
chemist will usually have several questions in mind about its
composition and structure. Although a simple elemental analysis may
answer many questions about its composition, the chemist will still
have questions about its structure, and, ifthe material contains a
metal atom, he will often want to know its oxidation state,
coordination number and geometry. Further, at an increasingly
frequent rate, the chemist may need details of the spin state,
magnetic and perhaps dynamic properties of the material. If the
investigator is fortunate, the material or compound may contain an
ele ment such as iron, tin, antimony, iodine, gold, or one of
several of the rare earth metals which are amenable to study by the
Mossbauer effect. Often the Mossbauer effect can, sometimes with
quite simple experiments, provide the answers to all of these
questions. The goal of this book is to illustrate the effectiveness
of the Mossbauer effect in providing the answers to the many
questions that arise in char acterizing new materials and, indeed,
in studying known materials in more detail. Several chapters
introduce the effect to the novice and provide details about the
various hyperfine interactions that are the "bread and butter" of
the Mossbauer spectroscopist. Three chapters deal specifically with
the experimental aspects of the technique and the increasing impor
tance of sophisticated computer analysis of the resulting data."
This book represents Volume 2 in a series on the use of Mossbauer
spectroscopy in the study of magnetism and materials. However, the
perceptive reader will notice some differences from Volume 1.
Specifically, in order to market the book at a more affordable
price for most universities and research laboratories, the book has
been prepared in camera ready format The editors and the authors
agreed to do this because there is a demand for such a book in the
Mossbauer community. This format has placed an extra burden on the
editors and the authors and we hope we have overcome all the
difficulties generated by the transfer of files between different
computers. In order to make the book more attractive to materials
scientists who are not experts in Mossbauer spectroscopy, this
volume is particularly oriented towards the study of materials by
Mossbauer spectroscopy and related complementary techniques, such
as neutron scattering and a variety of surface scattering
techniques. The authors of this volume can be proud of the high
quality professional effort they have devoted to clearly presenting
their specific topics. As a result we very much enjoyed working
with the authors on this volume. We hope that their effort will
help to educate the next generation of Mossbauer effect
spectroscopists, a generation which will face the challenge of
maintaining equally high scientific and professional standards in
their research work.
In 1988 the Mossbauer effect community completed 30 years of
continual contribution to the fields of nuclear physics, solid
state science, and a variety of related disciplines. To celebrate
this anniversary, Professor Gonser of the Universitat des
Saarlandes has contributed a chapter to this volume on the history
of the effect. Although Mossbauer spectroscopy has reached its
mature years, the chapters in this volume illustrate that it is
still a dynamic field of science with applications to topics
ranging from permanent magnets to biologi cal mineralization.
During the discussion of a possible chapter for this volume, a
potential author asked, "Do we really need another Mossbauer book?"
The editors responded in the affirmative because they believe that
a volume of this type offers several advantages. First, it provides
the author with an opportunity to write a personal view of the
subject, either with or without extensive pedagogic content.
Second, there is no artificially imposed restriction on length. In
response to the question, "How long should my chapter be?," we have
responded that it should be as long as is necessary to clearly
present, explain, and evaluate the topic. In this type of book, it
is not necessary to condense the topic into two, four, or eight
pages as is now so often a requirement for publication in the
research literature."
High density digital magnetic and magneto-optical storage devices
are widely used in audio, video, and data processing information
technology, as well as in CAD/CAM computer systems. These
widespread uses generate a continually increasing demand for both
increased information storage densities and capacities, and for
reduced access times. Hence, the materials engineering of high
density storage media, with a high signal to noise ratio, and the
associated design of sophisticated read and write heads, form the
basis of major technological research. This research is especially
complex because, ideally, the recorded information should be both
erasable and, at the same time, secure and accessible over periods
of many decades. As a result, research on these complex problems
requires a multidisciplinary approach which utilizes the expertise
in such widely differing fields as organic, inorganic, and solid
state chemistry, metallurgy, solid state physics, electrical and
mechanical engineering, and systems analysis. Often, further
research specialization is necessary in each of these different
disciplines. For instance, solid state physics and chemistry
address the problems of crystallographic structure and phase
diagram determination, magnetism, and optics, but more advanced
research methods, such as high resolution electron microscopy and
electronic band structure calculations, are necessary to understand
the microstructure of particulate recording media or the electronic
spectra of magneto-optical recording media.
It is well known that the density of molecular hydrogen can be
increased by compression and/or cooling, the ultimate limit in
density being that of liquid hydrogen. It is less well known that
hydrogen densities of twice that of liquid hydrogen can be obtained
by intercalating hydrogen gas into metals. The explanation of this
unusual paradox is that the absorption of molecular hydrogen, which
in TiFe and LaNis is reversible and occurs at ambient temperature
and pressure, involves the formation of hydrogen atoms at the
surface of a metal. The adsorbed hydrogen atom then donates its
electron to the metal conduction band and migrates into the metal
as the much smaller proton. These protons are easily accomodated in
interstitial sites in the metal lattice, and the resulting metal
hydrides can be thought of as compounds formed by the reaction of
hydrogen with metals, alloys, and intermetallic compounds. The
practical applications of metal hydrides span a wide range of
technologies, a range which may be subdivided on the basis of the
hydride property on which the application is based. The capacity of
the metal hydrides for hydrogen absorption is the basis for
batteries as well as for hydrogen storage, gettering, and
purification. The temperature-pressure characteristics of metal
hydrides are the basis for hydrogen compressors, sensors, and
actuators. The latent heat of the hydride formation is the basis
for heat storage, heat pumps, and refrigerators.
About two years ago, while studying the dynamic properties of Fe
(CO)IJ, we realized that there 3 was virtually no single source of
infonnation on the structural dynamics of materials. The time
domain of different dynamic structural processes covers many orders
of magnitude and may be in vestigated by numerous, vastly
different, experimental techniques. Indeed, the subject seemed ap
propriate for a NATO Advanced Study Institute at which we could
bring together chemists, physicists, metallurgists, and
bioscientists using the various techniques for the study of sundry
time sensitive materials. The actual Advanced Study Institute,
which met in II Ciocco, Italy, from 14 to 26 June 1987, was, in
fact, a dynamic experience for those of us involved. Now we have
come to the final phase, the communication of the results of this
Advanced Study Institute to the general scientific community. In so
doing, we hope to provide in one place a convenient source of infor
mation on dynamics at the surface and within a solid state
material. The beautiful mountainous setting of Tuscany and
especially the idyllic surroundings of II Ciocco provided an ideal
venue for the Advanced Study Institute. Our field trip to Pisa
linked our topic to the history of time measurement through a visit
to the Pisa cathedral where, presumably, Galileo first conceived
the isochronism of the simple pendulum and its use in time
measurement."
As is often the case, the preface is the last task to be finished
during the preparation of a large volume such as you are now
holding. The first task, obtaining approval for a symposium on the
industrial applications, now seems a long time ago. The idea
orginated with John Stevens, probably in 1982, from his observation
of papers dealing with industrial applications of the Mossbauer
effect appearing in the Mossbauer Effect Reference and Data
Journal. His initial suggestion for a symposium entitled
"Industrial Applications of the Mossbauer Effect" to be held at a
national meeting of the American Chemical Society eventually led to
the symposium at the International Chemical Congress of Pacific
Basin Societies which met in Honolulu, Hawaii in December 1984.
This volume is the result of the symposium at the above mentioned
Congress, but is not actually the 'proceedings' of the symposium
because this volume does not contain all of the over one hundred
Mossbauer effect papers that were pre sented at the symposium.
Rather it contains a selection of papers that the or ganizing
committee for the symposium deemed most appropriate for a volume
devoted to industrial applications of the Mossbauer effect. The
final volume also contains six chapters that were not a part of the
symposium but which are closely related to the topic. There is
another difference from many proceedings."
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