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It is almost self-evident that surface and interface science,
coupled with the electronic structure of bulk materials, playa
fundamental role in the understanding of materials properties. If
one is to have any hope of understanding such properties as
catalysis, microelectronic devices and contacts, wear, lubrication,
resistance to corrosion, ductility, creep, intragranular fracture,
toughness and strength of steels, adhesion of protective oxide
scales, and the mechanical properties of ceramics, one must address
a rather complex problem involving a number of fundamental
parameters: the atomic and electronic structure, the energy and
chemistry of surface and interface regions, diffusion along and
across interfaces, and the response of an interface to stress. The
intense need to gain an understanding of the properties of surfaces
and interfaces is amply attested to by the large number of
conferences and workshops held on surface and interface science.
Because of this need, the fields of surface and interface science
have been established in their own right, although their
development presently lags behind that of general materials science
associated with bulk, translationally invariant systems. There are
good reasons to expect this situation to change rather dramatically
in the next few years. Existing techniques for investigating
surfaces and interfaces have reached maturity and are increasingly
being applied to systems of practical relevance. New techniques are
still being created, which drastically widen the scope of
applicability of surface and interface studies. On the experimental
side, new microscopies are bearing fruit.
One of the ultimate goals of materials research is to develop a fun
damental and predictive understanding of the physical and
metallurgical properties of metals and alloys. Such an
understanding can then be used in the design of materials having
novel properties or combinations of proper ties designed to meet
specific engineering applications. The development of new and
useful alloy systems and the elucidation of their properties are
the domain of metallurgy. Traditionally, the search for new alloy
systems has been conducted largely on a trial and error basis,
guided by the skill and intuition of the metallurgist, large
volumes of experimental data, the principles of 19th century
thermodynamics and ad hoc semi-phenomenological models. Recently,
the situation has begun to change. For the first time, it is
possible to understand the underlying mechanisms that control the
formation of alloys and determine their properties. Today theory
can begin to offer guidance in predicting the properties of alloys
and in developing new alloy systems. Historically, attempts
directed toward understanding phase stability and phase transitions
have proceeded along distinct and seemingly diverse lines. Roughly,
we can divide these approaches into the following broad categories.
1. Experimental determination of phase diagrams and related
properties, 2. Thermodynamic/statistical mechanical approaches
based on semi phenomenological models, and 3. Ab initio quantum
mechanical methods. Metallurgists have traditionally concentrated
their efforts in cate gories 1 and 2, while theoretical physicists
have been preoccupied with 2 and 3."
X-Ray Scattering from Surfaces and Interfaces; R.A. Cowley.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy; H. Niehus. Atomistic Simulations of
Surfaces and Interfaces; S. Foiles. Theory of Electron States at
Surfaces and Interfaces; M. Schluter. Embedding for Surfaces and
Interfaces; J.E. Inglesfield. Magnetic Phase Transitions at and
Between Interfaces; B.L. Gyorffy, C. Walden. Surfaces and Magnetic
Effects in Core Level Photoemission; P.J. Durham. Low Energy Ion
Scattering at Extremely Low Ion Doses; R.G. van Welzenis, et al.
X-Ray and Light Scattering Studies of Electrode Surfaces and
Interfaces; C.A. Melendres. Point to Point Resolution in Scanning
Auger Electron Spectroscopy at High-Energy Primary Beam Energies
for Surface and Interface Analysis; A.G. Nassiopoulos, N.M. Glezos.
Volume and Interfacial Properties of Metal/Rare Earth Oxide/Metal
Structures; T. Wiktorczyk. The Real-Space Multiple-Scattering
Theory; E.C. Sowa, et al. 10 additional articles. Index.
One of the ultimate goals of materials research is to develop a
fun damental and predictive understanding of the physical and
metallurgical properties of metals and alloys. Such an
understanding can then be used in the design of materials having
novel properties or combinations of proper ties designed to meet
specific engineering applications. The development of new and
useful alloy systems and the elucidation of their properties are
the domain of metallurgy. Traditionally, the search for new alloy
systems has been conducted largely on a trial and error basis,
guided by the skill and intuition of the metallurgist, large
volumes of experimental data, the principles of 19th century
thermodynamics and ad hoc semi-phenomenological models. Recently,
the situation has begun to change. For the first time, it is
possible to understand the underlying mechanisms that control the
formation of alloys and determine their properties. Today theory
can begin to offer guidance in predicting the properties of alloys
and in developing new alloy systems. Historically, attempts
directed toward understanding phase stability and phase transitions
have proceeded along distinct and seemingly diverse lines. Roughly,
we can divide these approaches into the following broad categories.
1. Experimental determination of phase diagrams and related
properties, 2. Thermodynamic/statistical mechanical approaches
based on semi phenomenological models, and 3. Ab initio quantum
mechanical methods. Metallurgists have traditionally concentrated
their efforts in cate gories 1 and 2, while theoretical
physicists have been preoccupied with 2 and 3.
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