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The liquid crystalline state may be identified as a distinct and
unique state of matter which is characterised by properties which
resemble those of both solids and liquids. It was first recognised
in the middle of the last century through the study of nerve myelin
and derivatives of cholesterol. The research in the area really
gathered momentum, however, when as a result of the pioneering work
of Gray in the early 1970's organic compounds exhibiting liquid
crystalline properties were shown to be suitable to form the basis
of display devices in the electronic products. The study of liquid
crystals is truly multidisciplinary and has attached the attention
of physicists, biologists, chemists, mathematicians and electronics
engineers. It is therefore impossible to cover all these aspects
fully in two small volumes and therefore it was decided in view of
the overall title of the series to concentrate on the structural
and bonding aspects of the subject. The Chapters presented in these
two volumes have been organised to cover the following fundamental
aspects of the subiect. The calculation of the structures of liquid
crystals, an account of their dynamical properties and a discussion
of computer simulations of liquid crystalline phases formed by Gay
Berne mesogens. The relationships between molecular conformation
and packing are analysed in some detail. The crystal structures of
liquid crystal mesogens and the importance of their X ray
scattering properties for characterisational purposes are
discussed.
Liquid-crystalline phases are now known to be formed by an ever
growing range of quite diverse materials, these include those of
low molecular weight as well as the novel liquid-crystalline
polymers, such phases can also be induced by the addition of a
solvent to amphiphilic systems leading to lyotropic liquid
crystals. Irrespective of the structure of the constituent
molecules these numerous liquid-cl)'Stailine phases are
characterised by their long range orientational order. In addition
certain phases exhibit elements of long range positional order. Our
understanding, both experimental and theoretical, at the molecular
level of the static behaviour of these fascinating and important
materials is now well advanced. In contrast the influence of the
long range order; both orientational and positional, on the
molecular dynamics in liquid Cl)'Stais is less well understood. In
an attempt to address this situation a NATO Advanced Study
Institute devoted to liquid ctystal dynamics was held at n Ciocco,
Barga, Italy in September 1989. This brought together
experimentalists and theoreticians concerned with the various
dynamical processes occurring in all liquid crystals. The skills of
the participants was impressively wide ranging; they spanned the
experimental techniques used in the study of molecular dynamics,
the nature of the systems investigated and the theoretical models
employed to understand the results. While much was learnt it was
also recognised that much more needed to be done in order to
advance our understanding of molecular dynamics in liquid
Cl)'Stais.
Liquid-crystalline phases are now known to be formed by an ever
growing range of quite diverse materials, these include those of
low molecular weight as well as the novel liquid-crystalline
polymers, such phases can also be induced by the addition of a
solvent to amphiphilic systems leading to lyotropic liquid
crystals. Irrespective of the structure of the constituent
molecules these numerous liquid-cl)'Stailine phases are
characterised by their long range orientational order. In addition
certain phases exhibit elements of long range positional order. Our
understanding, both experimental and theoretical, at the molecular
level of the static behaviour of these fascinating and important
materials is now well advanced. In contrast the influence of the
long range order; both orientational and positional, on the
molecular dynamics in liquid Cl)'Stais is less well understood. In
an attempt to address this situation a NATO Advanced Study
Institute devoted to liquid ctystal dynamics was held at n Ciocco,
Barga, Italy in September 1989. This brought together
experimentalists and theoreticians concerned with the various
dynamical processes occurring in all liquid crystals. The skills of
the participants was impressively wide ranging; they spanned the
experimental techniques used in the study of molecular dynamics,
the nature of the systems investigated and the theoretical models
employed to understand the results. While much was learnt it was
also recognised that much more needed to be done in order to
advance our understanding of molecular dynamics in liquid
Cl)'Stais.
In the nematic liquid crystal phase, rod-shaped molecules move
randomly but remain essentially parallel to one another. Biaxial
nematics, which were first predicted in 1970 by Marvin Freiser,
have their molecules differentially oriented along two axes. They
have the potential to create displays with fast switching times and
may have applications in thin-film displays and other liquid
crystal technologies. This book is the first to be concerned solely
with biaxial nematic liquid crystals, both lyotropic and
thermotropic, formed by low molar mass as well as polymeric
systems. It opens with a general introduction to the biaxial
nematic phase and covers: Order parameters and distribution
functions Molecular field theory Theories for hard biaxial
particles Computer simulation of biaxial nematics Alignment of the
phase Display applications Characterisation and identification
Lyotropic, thermotropic and colloidal systems together with
material design With a consistent, coherent and pedagogical
approach, this book brings together theory, simulations and
experimental studies; it includes contributions from some of the
leading figures in the field. It is relevant to students and
researchers as well as to industry professionals working in soft
matter, liquid crystals, liquid crystal devices and their
applications throughout materials science, chemistry, physics,
mathematics and display engineering.
The demand for liquid crystals with better display parameters and
lower power consumption has stimulated much research into their
properties and characterization. A large team of over 50 leading
researchers from the USA, Europe and Japan have focused their
expertise to extract and review data on a wide range of properties
of nematics, including those which are essential to the development
of all types of liquid crystal device. Where appropriate these
properties are also explained with expert commentary. The book is
fully illustrated and structured for reference.
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