First published in 1998. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

"Are bird songs learned or genetically programmed?
How do animals attract the opposite sex?
How does play affect development?
How do wolves signal surrender?
Which animals have been observed using tools?
Do squirrels ever forget food caches?" "
How do bees differentiate between hives?
Can some animals count?
"
Examines the state of the art-and its evolution
Exploring the full range of animal behavior studies, this authoritative "Handbook "covers the current state of the art as well as important historical developments in the field since its beginnings over a century ago. It features original essays by comparative psychologists and other animal behavior researchers in experimental psychology who examine and report on the latest research and discoveries in the areas of evolution, development, and species-typical behavior.
Discusses all other major approaches to animal behavior
The "Handbook" is the only major reference work to offer a unique psychological perspective of the field. It is also the only one to provide numerous examples of other major approaches to animal behavior, and to discuss and compare them. Arranged in eight major sections for quick and efficient information retrieval, the "Handbook: "
Covers the history and philosophical foundations of comparative psychology, spotlights key figures, and provides international perspectives.
Surveys all the important concepts, issues, and theoretical developments in the field.
Addresses the latest methodology, focusing on apparatus, research design, statistical techniques, and zoo research.
Deals with physiological correlates of behavior, hormones, pheromones, sensationand perception, and sleep.
Provides intensive examinations of the behavior of a wide variety of species and groups of animals, from cephalopods and insects to wolves and primates.
Covers the key psychological processes of learning and development of behavior, a major emphasis of the field that distinguishes it from other approaches.
Treats the full range of functional behaviors by which individuals and species ensure survival and reproductive success.
Analyzes cognitive processes, describing complex patterns of behavior in terms of information processing and use.
Ideal as a source book for students in comparative psychology, ethology, sociobiology, anthropology, and evolutionary psychology, the "Handbook" is also a handy reference for scientists working in these fields and for the lay person who wants to understand animal behavior.

In this landmark study of the literary relationship between the gospel of John and the synoptic gospels, Gary Greenberg presents compelling evidence for the existence of a written pre-canonical Alpha gospel that contained almost all of the main episodes in the adult life of Jesus (excluding major speeches, such as discourses, parables, and "I Am" sayings) and which became the written source for the core biography of Jesus in Mark, Luke, John, and Matthew. While Mark used the Alpha gospel with only slight variations, John had profound theological disagreements with it, objecting to its theological message about how to obtain eternal life, the depiction of Jesus, and other matters. This induced him to rewrite the Alpha gospel so that it conformed to his own very different theological agenda. Consequently, John's gospel functions as a thorough theological critique of Mark, but the changes he introduced made it difficult to see how he and Mark worked from the same written source. By using John's theological concerns as a filter for reading and understanding what objections John would have with Mark's Jesus stories, The Case for a Proto-Gospel reverse-engineers the editorial path taken by John and reconstructs the content of the Alpha gospel. Finally, the author discusses the relationship of the other two synoptic gospels to the Alpha gospel, asserting that Luke also knew the Alpha gospel but used Mark as his primary source, and that while Matthew did not know the Alpha gospel, his use of Mark as a primary source ensured that his core biography of Jesus also derived from this earlier source.

First Published in 1995. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First Published in 1997. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

This volume presents current thought and criticism on evolutionary epistemology -- the evolution of knowledge and knowing. As the theme of the fourth T.C. Schneirla Conference held at Wichita State University, evolutionary epistemology was examined from several diverse areas of study including comparative, developmental, physiological, and cultural psychology as well as philosophy. Theories of the Evolution of Knowing addresses alternatives to the genetic determinism inherent in Donald Campbell's concept of genetic epistemology. The concept of integrative levels is shown to offer a parsimonious, non- reductionist approach to the development of "knowing" as a human capacity.

First Published in 1997. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First Published in 1995. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

This volume presents current thought and criticism on evolutionary epistemology -- the evolution of knowledge and knowing. As the theme of the fourth T.C. Schneirla Conference held at Wichita State University, evolutionary epistemology was examined from several diverse areas of study including comparative, developmental, physiological, and cultural psychology as well as philosophy. Theories of the Evolution of Knowing addresses alternatives to the genetic determinism inherent in Donald Campbell's concept of genetic epistemology. The concept of integrative levels is shown to offer a parsimonious, non- reductionist approach to the development of "knowing" as a human capacity.

'What is an illness? What is good health? What, for that matter, is medical science really for? Greenberg will make you think about these questions in ways that I'm willing to bet you haven't. Along the way, he will enlighten and amuse and provoke you in equal measure. A wonderful book from a terrific writer' - William Finnegan, author of Cold New World: Growing Up in a Harder Country.When a doctor tells you that you have bronchitis and should take an antibiotic, you'd probably say that this is an unbiased medical opinion based on an impartial reading of your symptoms, and it makes sense for you to follow your physician's advice. Should you have the same confidence if you are diagnosed with depression and told to take antidepressants, or informed that a loved one is brain-dead and it's time to harvest her organs for transplant? In The Noble Lie, acclaimed and controversial science writer Gary Greenberg takes a penetrating look at common and accepted medical practices and opinions that, while they may be beneficial for society and help us deal with the unfathomable, are essentially the product of moral judgments and not supported by scientific evidence.In a series of riveting true stories, Greenberg examines the processes through which alcoholism and depression came to be accepted as diseases, asks why serial killer Ted Kaczynski was diagnosed as schizophrenic, and examines medical pronouncements on when life begins and ends. He also explains why there is no proof that homosexuality is genetic, and there never will be. These real-life science fictions may be well intentioned, but do they cause more harm than good? Read The Noble Lie, then judge for yourself.

The Medical Breakthrough of Chelation Therapy: A treatment that uses medicine to remove toxic metals from the body so they don't make you sick. Chelation has long been approved by the FDA to rid the body of lead by using a synthetic amino acid (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid), which binds to toxic metals and minerals in the bloodstream, allowing a patient to excrete them. When metals like lead, mercury, iron, and arsenic build up in your body, they can be toxic. Alternative medical practitioners have used chelation for nearly 60 years, especially to treat heavy metal contamination that causes or contributes to heart disease. Chelation rids the body of deposits that can lead to atherosclerosis, which causes coronary arteries to narrow, leading to heart attacks. Patients have also found relief through chelation for improving the symptoms of autism. One of the most promising areas of research is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Because the buildup of metals like copper, iron, and zinc are thought to play a role in Alzheimer's disease, Chelation Therapy might have a place in treating it. Full of hope-inspiring case histories, expert findings and where to find treatment, The Chelation Revolution: Breakthrough Detox Therapy shows how Chelation Therapy can alleviate suffering in numerous medical conditions and lead to a healthier, happier, and longer life. Includes a Foreword by Tammy Born Huizenga, D.O., owner of the internationally recognized Born Clinic in Grand Rapids, MI, an internationally respected organization in preventive medicine with a speciality in Chelation Therapy.

"Gary Greenberg has become the Dante of our psychiatric age, and the DSM-5 is his Inferno." --Errol Morris
Since its debut in 1952, the American Psychiatric Association's "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" has set down the "official" view on what constitutes mental illness. Homosexuality, for instance, was a mental illness until 1973. Each revision has created controversy, but the DSM-5 has taken fire for encouraging doctors to diagnose more illnesses--and to prescribe sometimes unnecessary or harmful medications.
Respected author and practicing psychotherapist Gary Greenberg embedded himself in the war that broke out over the fifth edition, and returned with an unsettling tale. Exposing the deeply flawed process behind the DSM-5's compilation, "The Book of Woe" reveals how the manual turns suffering into a commodity--and made the APA its own biggest beneficiary.

Based on detailed historical evidence and logical analysis of inconsistencies within the gospel accounts of the events leading up to the arrest and execution of Jesus, Greenberg argues that Judas never betrayed Jesus and that the Jewish priests never sought to have Jesus executed. According to Greenberg, Judas, acting on behalf of Jesus, together with the Jewish High Priest, negotiated a deal with Pilate to avoid Roman military assaults in a crowded city by keeping Jesus under house arrest with the High Priest until after the Passover holiday and then allowing him to go back to Galilee. But Herod Antipas, ruler of Galilee, feared Jesus' popularity back home and successfully pressured Pilate to break the agreement and execute Jesus. This landmark study is the first major historically-based challenge to Christian accusations of Jewish involvement in the death of Jesus. Catholic Biblical Quarterly wrote that Greenberg "has a keen eye for the ways religious and political motives have shaped the story of Jesus' arrest and execution."

Rival revolutionaries, a deadly monster, a friendly vampire, and tough choices Ever since that odd night at The Pentangle Pub six years ago left-wing revolutionary Alex Mallum has had strange dreams and unexplained blackouts. Shortly thereafter the mysterious Luke Fenris appeared and in just a few short years has become the idol of Wall Street right-wingers and talked about as an American savior. Each has secret revolutionary plans to change the face of American politics and their radical paths are on a collision course. But unbeknownst to each, the two share a mysterious link to a deadly monster. Only Ludwig von Dracula, self-proclaimed descendant of the infamous count and head of the Vampire Liberation Front, knows the secret of the homicidal beast that binds these two rivals together but he's not sure he should intervene. Not his problem. But if Alex Mallum doesn't die before the completion of the upcoming eclipse of the Harvest moon the world may never be the same. Unless . . . "I had to know how the book would end." -- Barbara Branden, author of The Passion of Ayn Rand "A political satire expressed in the form of a horror story . . . Some of their ideas really are clever. Their secretive master villain's ultimate secret really is ingeniously chosen." --Prometheus, Newsletter of the Libertarian Futurist Society

MATTHEW, MARK, LUKE AND JOHN DID NOT WRITE THE GOSPELS --at least, not according to modern New Testament scholarship. The evidence shows that all four Gospels were written anonymously, and for almost two centuries after they were completed early Christians had no idea who wrote them. Eventually, guesses became traditions and traditions became dogma. The evidence also shows that during these first few centuries orthodox Christian scribes deliberately altered or added to the Gospel texts, and many of these changes remain in our modern Gospels. Yet, few members of the lay public know very much about this history. Gary Greenberg takes you inside the complex and poorly understood world of modern Gospel text and source criticism and provides a simple easy to follow guide that shows how New Testament scholars arrive at these challenging conclusions. SOME OF THE FASCINATING TOPICS COVERED IN "WHO WROTE THE GOSPELS?" -- What is the Synoptic Problem and how do scholars resolve it? -- What is the mysterious Q source that influenced Matthew and Luke? -- Is there a literary relationship between the Gospels of Mark and John? -- Did the original Gospel of Mark depict the resurrection of Jesus? -- Did the Evangelists agree with each other about important story details? -- Why did orthodox Christian scribes alter the Gospel texts? -- When scholars encounter contradictory ancient Gospel manuscripts, how do they decide which text comes closest to the original? -- What manuscripts stand behind our modern Gospel texts and how accurate are they? Gary Greenberg is the author of several popular and controversial books, including "101 Myths of the Bible," "The Moses Mystery" and "The Judas Brief: Who Really Killed Jesus?" His works have been translated into several languages. He is a Fellow of The Jesus Project and is President of the Biblical Archaeology Society of New York. He has also served as a consultant to National Geographic Television's Science of the Bible series.